https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_question
Leading question
From Wikipedia
A leading question is a question that suggests a particular answer and contains information the examiner is looking to have confirmed. The use of leading questions in court[where?] to elicit testimony is restricted in order to reduce the ability of the examiner to direct or influence the evidence presented. Depending on the circumstances, leading questions can be objectionable or proper.
The propriety of leading questions generally depends on the relationship of the witness to the party conducting the examination. An examiner may generally ask leading questions of a hostile witness or on cross-examination ("Will help to elicit the testimony of a witness who, due to age, incapacity, or limited intelligence, is having difficulty communicating their evidence"), but not on direct examination (to "coach" the witness to provide a particular answer).
According to Black's Law Dictionary, a leading question is a "question that suggests the answer to the person being interrogated; esp., a question that may be answered by a mere 'yes' or 'no'."[failed verification]
Cairns-Lee, Lawley & Tosey have reviewed the role of leading questions in research interviews and proposed a typology and a 'cleanness rating' to facilitate researchers to review and assess the influence of their interview questions.
Example
Leading questions may often be answerable with a yes or no (though not all yes–no questions are leading). Leading questions are distinct from loaded questions, which are objectionable because they contain implicit assumptions (such as "Have you stopped beating your wife?" indirectly asserting that the subject both has a wife, and has beaten her at some point).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election
The Simpsons
The War of the Simpsons
Quotes
Gloria S.: Johnny-boy hasn't been able to cut it, man-wise, for some time, not that I'd want stench of gin and sour defeat pressed against me.
John S.: That's enough, Gloria!
Reverend Lovejoy: John, why don't you speak?
John S.: She never cooks, she doesn't keep a clean house, she
[shouts]
John S.: smokes and she drinks and she talks profanely! She's the queen of the harpies!
Gloria S.: No, I'm not.
John S.: [shouts] Queen of the harpies!
Gloria S.: No, I'm not!
John S.: [shouts] Here's your crown, Your Majesty. Queen of the harpies!
by me, Kerry Burgess, posted by me: May 15, 2022
Fast cars, guns, and Jesus. Guys crave power they will never hold in their own hand standing in the bathroom, because they're such ineffective little guys.
https://www.yahoo.com/news/spacex-sues-california-violating-elon-204119625.html
Yahoo! News
SpaceX Sues California for Violating Elon Musk’s Right to Free Speech
Noor Al-Sibai
Wed, October 16, 2024 at 1:41 PM PDT
Along with naming and shaming specific commissioners, the lawsuit filed in California's central district also claims that the regulatory body is "violating core Constitutional protections of free speech and due process" afforded to SpaceX — which, is a valid argument thanks to the doctrine of corporate personhood.
https://www.npr.org/2014/07/28/335288388/when-did-companies-become-people-excavating-the-legal-evolution
excerpts - Bill Clinton's draft-dodger letter:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/clinton/etc/draftletter.html
PBS Frontline
Bill Clinton's Draft Letter
GOV CLINTON (November 23, 1991)
Most people are worried about keeping body and soul together, and they're asking, "Since I played by the rules, I paid the taxes, I did the work, I sent my kids to war, why am I getting the shaft?"
original work by me, Kerry Burgess - draft - update variation 10/17/2024
From 3/3/1959 ( the birthdate in Hawaii of my biological brother Thomas Reagan ) To 7/13/1995 ( the USA NASA uncrewed spacecraft Galileo atmospheric probe released ) is 13281 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 3/14/2002 ( ) is 13281 days
From 11/26/1976 ( desperate for oxygen replenishment from loss due to accident months earlier, my biological brother Thomas Reagan the civilian and privately financed astronaut in solar system deep space in his privately financed atom-pulse propulsion spaceship this day makes his first landing the Jupiter moon Callisto - from his successful strike in the outer solar system beyond planet Saturn to divert comet nicknamed "Lucifer", threatening the existence by death and destruction of all life on this planet Earth ) To 3/14/2002 ( ) is 9239 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 2/18/1991 ( the minefield damage to USS Princeton CG-59, US Navy, during Operation Desert Storm ) is 9239 days
From 2/22/1976 ( The Point Of No Return - catastrophic collision with a meteor and he continues the mission as planned at extreme personal risk to himself - months later, my biological brother Thomas Reagan the civilian and privately financed astronaut in his privately financed atom-pulse propulsion spaceship successfully intercepts comet nicknamed "Lucifer" - threatening extinction by death and destruction of all life on this planet Earth - in the outer solar system beyond planet Saturn and diverts it away from this planet Earth ) To 3/14/2002 ( ) is 9517 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 11/23/1991 ( quoted, known draft-dodger Bill Clinton: "Why am I getting the shaft?" ) is 9517 days
From 12/25/1991 ( from the thoughts in my conscious mind, coinciding with United States of America Veterans Affairs hospital psychiatric doctor medical drugs: in non-aviator related duties boots on the ground as United States Marine Corps chief warrant officer Kerry Wayne Burgess I was prisoner of war in Croatia ) To 3/14/2002 ( ) is 3732 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 1/21/1976 ( my biological brother Thomas Reagan the civilian and privately financed astronaut bound for deep space in his privately financed atom-pulse propulsion spaceship this day was his first landing the planet Mars and his documented and lawful exclusive claim to the territory of the planet Mars ) is 3732 days
From 6/8/1993 ( commencement, Princeton University Class of 1993 ) To 3/14/2002 ( ) is 3201 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 8/8/1974 ( Richard Nixon, 37th President of USA: Address to the Nation Announcing Decision To Resign the Office of President of the United States ) is 3201 days
From 1/9/1959 ( premiere USA TV series "Rawhide" ) To 3/14/2002 ( ) is 15770 days
15770 = 7885 + 7885
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 6/5/1987 ( as me, Kerry Burgess, my official enlisted US Navy documents includes: Earned NEC 1189 - Based on graduation from the Terrier Mk 152 Guided-missiles Fire Control Computers Complex course - Naval Guided Missiles School, Dam Neck, Virginia Beach, Virginia, US Navy - leading to permanent assignment until 1990 to CF-division, Missile Plot - guided-missiles Fire Control Computers Complex (UNIVAC digital-computers Mk152 Terrier System for, primarily, SM2-ER {Extended Range} Standard Missiles ordnance), USS Wainwright CG-28, US Navy, while enlisted paygrade E-5, designated Fire Controlman Petty Officer Second Class (FC2) ) is 7885 days
https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/eCorp/EntitySearch/NameSearch.aspx
State of Delaware official website
Department of State: Division of Corporations
File Number: 3500808 Incorporation Date / Formation Date: 3/14/2002 (mm/dd/yyyy)
Entity Name: SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES CORP.
Entity Kind: Corporation
Chicago Tribune
Navy Rises To Occasion In Duel At Sea
April 19, 1988 By David Evans, Chicago Tribune.
WASHINGTON For the first time in more than 40 years, enemy warships have seriously challenged the U.S. Navy at sea. The Navy won - decisively.
From 3/3/1959 ( the birthdate in Hawaii of my biological brother Thomas Reagan ) To 5/6/2002 ( ) is 15770 days
15770 = 7885 + 7885
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 6/5/1987 ( as me, Kerry Burgess, my official enlisted US Navy documents includes: Earned NEC 1189 - Based on graduation from the Terrier Mk 152 Guided-missiles Fire Control Computer Complex course - Naval Guided Missiles School, Dam Neck, Virginia Beach, Virginia, US Navy - leading to permanent assignment until 1990 to CF-division, Missile Plot - guided-missiles Fire Control Computers Complex (UNIVAC digital-computers Mk152 Terrier System for, primarily, SM2-ER {Extended Range} Standard Missiles ordnance), USS Wainwright CG-28, US Navy, while enlisted paygrade E-5, designated Fire Controlman Petty Officer Second Class (FC2) ) is 7885 days
From 7/26/1912 ( the first radio communication between US Navy airplane and US Navy ship at sea ) To 7/31/1985 ( as me, Kerry Burgess, my official enlisted US Navy documents includes: Personnel Advancement Requirements - FTM3 [US Navy enlisted-occupation Fire Control Technician (Missiles), superseded by FC3], USS Taylor FFG-50, US Navy ) is 26668 days
26668 = 13334 + 13334
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 5/6/2002 ( ) is 13334 days
From 5/9/1931 ( biographical - Albert Michelson dead ) To 11/10/1967 ( premiere USA TV series episode "Star Trek"::"Metamorphosis" ) is 13334 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 5/6/2002 ( ) is 13334 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 2/3/1984 ( Dr. John Buster announces the first embryo transfer from one woman to another resulting in a live birth ) is 6667 days
From 2/3/1984 ( launch of USA NASA STS-41B space shuttle Challenger mission featuring the first untethered space activity ) To 5/6/2002 ( ) is 6667 days
From 6/8/1993 ( commencement, Princeton University Class of 1993 ) To 5/6/2002 ( ) is 3254 days
3254 = 1627 + 1627
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 4/17/1970 ( Richard Nixon, 37th President USA: Statement Following the Safe Return of the Apollo 13 Astronauts ) is 1627 days
From 11/15/1966 ( the United States Gemini 12 spacecraft splashdown and - disguised - my biological brother Thomas Reagan the US Navy officer and astronaut was United States Gemini 12 spacecraft US Navy astronaut - preceding his 6 planet Earth-moon Luna lunar-landings with USA Project Apollo, strictly in planning and preparation for his personal activities in deep-space 1975-1977 ) To 5/6/2002 ( ) is 12956 days
12956 = 6478 + 6478
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 7/29/1983 ( premiere USA film "Private School" ) is 6478 days
From 1/17/1990 ( United States NASA announces the selection of the Group 13 Astronauts ) To 5/6/2002 ( ) is 4492 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 2/19/1978 ( premiere USA TV series "Project U.F.O." ) is 4492 days
From 12/7/1998 ( as Kerry Burgess my first day as full-time employee of Microsoft Corporation in Seattle until 02/06/2004 as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and the active duty United States Marine Corps lieutenant colonel circa 1998 ) To 5/6/2002 ( ) is 1246 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 4/1/1969 ( NASA director of engineering and development at the Manned Spacecraft Center Maxime Faget proposes design of the space shuttle ) is 1246 days
From 9/17/1965 ( premiere USA TV series "Hogan's Heroes" ) To 5/6/2002 ( ) is 13380 days
13380 = 6690 + 6690
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 2/26/1984 ( premiere USA TV movie "Lace" ) is 6690 days
[ original work by me, Kerry Burgess - draft - update variation 09/21/2024 ]
https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/Detail
California Secretary of State Business Search - Entity Detail
C2414622 SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES CORP. Registration Date: 05/06/2002
Entity Address: 1 ROCKET ROAD
HAWTHORNE CA 90250
Entity Mailing Address: 1 ROCKET ROAD
HAWTHORNE CA 90250
https://www.npr.org/2014/07/28/335288388/when-did-companies-become-people-excavating-the-legal-evolution
npr
When Did Companies Become People? Excavating The Legal Evolution
July 28, 2014 4:57 AM ET
Heard on Morning Edition
Nina Totenberg
Are corporations people? The U.S. Supreme Court says they are, at least for some purposes. And in the past four years, the high court has dramatically expanded corporate rights.
It ruled that corporations have the right to spend money in candidate elections, and that some for-profit corporations may, on religious grounds, refuse to comply with a federal mandate to cover birth control in their employee health plans.
These are personal rights accorded to corporations. To many, the concept of corporations as people seems odd, to say the least. But it is not new.
The dictionary defines "corporation" as "a number of persons united in one body for a purpose." Corporate entities date back to medieval times, observes Columbia law professor John Coffee, an authority on corporate law. "You could think of the Catholic Church as probably the first entity that could buy and sell property in its own name," he says.
Sponsor Message
Indeed, having an artificial legal persona was especially important to churches, says Elizabeth Pollman, an associate professor at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles.
"Having a corporation would allow people to put property into a collective ownership that could be held with perpetual existence," she says. "So it wouldn't be tied to any one person's lifespan, or subject necessarily to laws regarding inheriting property."
Later on, in the United States and elsewhere, the advantages of incorporation were essential to efficient and secure economic development. Unlike partnerships, the corporation continued to exist even if a partner died; there was no unanimity required to do something; shareholders could not be sued individually, only the corporation as a whole, so investors only risked as much as they put into buying shares.
By the 1800s, the process of incorporating became relatively simple. But corporations aren't mentioned anywhere in the Constitution, leaving the courts to determine what rights corporations have — and which corporations have them. After all, Coca-Cola is a corporation, but so are the NAACP and the National Rifle Association, and so are small churches and local nonprofits.
"All these truly different types of organizations might come under the label 'corporation,' " Pollman observes. "And so the real difficulty is figuring out how to treat these different things under the Constitution."
Sponsor Message
In the early years of the republic, the only right given to corporations was the right to have their contracts respected by the government, according to legal historian Eben Moglen.
The great industrialization of the United States in the 1800s, however, intensified companies' need to raise money.
"With the invention of the railroad, you needed a great deal of capital to exploit its purpose, " Columbia professor Coffee says, "and only the corporate form offered limited liability, easy transferability of shares, and continued, perpetual existence."
In addition, the end of the Civil War and the adoption of the 14th Amendment provided an opportunity for corporations to seek further legal protection, says Moglen, also a Columbia University professor.
"From the moment the 14th Amendment was passed in 1868, lawyers for corporations — particularly railroad companies — wanted to use that 14th Amendment guarantee of equal protection to make sure that the states didn't unequally treat corporations," Moglen says.
Nobody was talking about extending to corporations the right of free speech back then. What the railroads sought was equal treatment under state tax laws and things like that.
The Supreme Court extended that protection to corporations, and over time also extended some — but not all — of the rights guaranteed to individuals in the Bill of Rights. The court ruled that corporations don't have a right against self-incrimination, for instance, but are protected by the ban on warrantless search and seizure.
Otherwise, as the Cato Institute's Ilya Shapiro puts it, "the police could storm down the doors of some company and take all their computers and their files."
But for 100 years, corporations were not given any constitutional right of political speech; in fact, quite the contrary. In 1907, following a corporate corruption scandal involving prior presidential campaigns, Congress passed a law banning corporate involvement in federal election campaigns. That wall held firm for 70 years.
Sponsor Message
The first crack came in a case that involved neither candidate elections nor federal law. In 1978 a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled for the first time that corporations have a First Amendment right to spend money on state ballot initiatives.
Still, for decades, candidate elections remained free of direct corporate influence under federal law. Only money from individuals and groups of individuals — political action committees — were permitted in federal elections.
Then came Citizens United, the Supreme Court's 5-4 First Amendment decision in 2010 that extended to corporations for the first time full rights to spend money as they wish in candidate elections — federal, state and local. The decision reversed a century of legal understanding, unleashed a flood of campaign cash and created a crescendo of controversy that continues to build today.
It thrilled many in the business community, horrified campaign reformers, and provoked considerable mockery in the comedian classes.
"If only there were some way to prove that corporations were not people," lamented the Daily Show's Jon Stewart. Maybe, he mused, we could show "their inability to love."
Fellow Comedy Central comedian Stephen Colbert tried unsuccessfully to get the question of corporate personhood on the South Carolina ballot, and also formed a superPAC, which asked whether voters would be comfortable letting Mitt Romney date their daughters' corporations.
But there are serious people on both sides of this issue.
Cato's Shapiro sees all corporations, when they spend on political campaigns, as merely associations of like-minded people.
"Nobody is saying that corporations are living, breathing entities, or that they have souls [by me, Kerry Burgess, an inconvienent fact to you bible-thumpers: superstition stemming from your cowardly terror of mortality] or anything like that," he says. "This is about protecting the rights of the individuals that associate in this way."
Countering that argument are those who note that individuals are perfectly free to give money to candidates with whom they agree, and to spend unlimited amounts independently supporting those candidates. They shouldn't need a corporation to express themselves, the argument goes.
Some critics, like Pollman, see a difference between for-profit and nonprofit corporations. A nonprofit corporation formed to advance particular political views is one thing, she says. A large for-profit corporation is something else entirely.
Sponsor Message
"There's no reason to believe that the people involved — shareholders, employees, even the directors or managers — have come together for an expressive purpose related to anything other than really what the business is doing," she argues.
And shareholders and employees, Pollman observes, have no real recourse if they disagree with how corporate money is spent in campaigns.
And then there is the money-is-not-speech argument. The problem for First Amendment believers, Moglen says, arises not because they think corporations shouldn't have rights so much as they think money isn't equal to speech.
"And we are now winding up using constitutional rules to concentrate corporate power in a way that's dangerous to democracy," he says.
That, of course, is not how the Supreme Court majority sees its decision. The court has said that because speech is an essential mechanism of democracy, the First Amendment forbids discrimination against any class of speaker.
It matters not, the court said just this year, that some speakers, because of the money they spend on elections, may have undue influence on public policy; what is important is that the First Amendment protects both speech and speaker, and the ideas that flow from each.
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt32252600/
IMDb
Ghosts
S4.E1
Patience
Episode aired Oct 17, 2024
While Sam and the ghosts race to find him, Isaac comes face to face with Puritan ghost Patience for the first time since she was lost in the dirt.
- by me, Kerry Wayne Burgess, posted by me: 10:36 AM Pacific-timezone USA Thursday 10/17/2024
