https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac
Albert Einstein said of him, "This balancing on the dizzying path between genius and madness is awful". His mathematical brilliance, however, means he is regarded as one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century.
From 3/3/1959 to 12/7/1998 is 14524 days
14524 = 7262 + 7262
From 7/16/1963 to 6/3/1983 ( premiere USA film "WarGames" ) is 7262 days
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lascaux-cave-paintings-discovered/print
HISTORY
SEPTEMBER 12, 1940 : LASCAUX CAVE PAINTINGS DISCOVERED
Posted by me, Kerry Burgess, JUNE 03, 2018
Beyond Skyline (2017)
The whole point was to not check the numbers until I got back.
https://papersofprinceton.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/?a=d&d=Princetonian19350315-01.1.6&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------
From 3/15/1935 ( Franklin Roosevelt, 32nd President of USA federal government 1933-1945: White House Statement on the American Telephone and Telegraph Company ) To 6/8/1993 ( commencement, Princeton University Class of 1993 ) is 21270 days
21270 = 10635 + 10635
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 12/15/1994 ( ) is 10635 days
From 10/5/1939 ( from The Daily Princetonian publication, Princeton University: Seniors Brave Blackouts, Spies and Chorines On Dilatory Return From War-Torn Europe ) To 12/15/1994 ( ) is 20160 days
20160 = 10080 + 10080
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 6/8/1993 ( commencement, Princeton University Class of 1993 ) is 10080 days
From 11/12/1962 ( from The Daily Princetonian publication, Princeton University: Near-Death Reported - Baker Reveals Hemingway Letters ) To 12/25/1991 ( an aviator in non-aviator related duties boots on the ground as United States Marine Corps chief warrant officer Kerry Wayne Burgess I was prisoner of war in Croatia ) is 10635 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 12/15/1994 ( ) is 10635 days
From 4/6/1950 ( Harry Truman, 33rd President of USA: Special Message to the Congress on the Unemployment Insurance System ) To 12/15/1994 ( ) is 16324 days
16324 = 8162 + 8162
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 3/8/1988 ( as me, Kerry Burgess, while enlisted paygrade E-5, designated Fire Controlman Petty Officer Second Class (FC2), my official enlisted US Navy documents includes: Terrier MK 152 guided-missiles Fire Control Computers Complex Operator (UNIVAC digital-computers Mk152 Terrier System for, primarily, SM2-ER {Extended Range} Standard Missiles ordnance) - CF-division, Missile Plot, USS Wainwright CG-28, US Navy, following my graduation Naval Missiles School, Dam Neck, Virginia ) is 8162 days
From 9/15/1965 ( premiere USA TV series "Lost in Space" ) To 10/28/1994 ( premiere USA film "Stargate" ) is 10635 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 12/15/1994 ( ) is 10635 days
From 12/7/1941 ( the US Navy Pacific Fleet severely damaged in the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor Hawaii ) To 12/15/1994 ( ) is 19366 days
19366 = 9683 + 9683
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 5/7/1992 ( the first launch of the United States space shuttle Endeavour orbiter vehicle mission STS-49 includes me Kerry Wayne Burgess the United States Marine Corps commissioned-officer and United States STS-49 pilot astronaut and my 1st official United States of America National Aeronautics and Space Administration orbital flight of 4 overall ) is 9683 days
From 9/12/1940 ( the Lascaux discovery ) To 12/7/1998 ( IN THE FUTURE FROM 12/15/1994: as me, Kerry Burgess my first day as full-time employee of Microsoft Corporation in Seattle until 02/06/2004 - full-time employee as technical accounts manager, Microsoft Premier Support ) is 21270 days
21270 = 10635 + 10635
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 12/15/1994 ( ) is 10635 days
excerpts, read also:
https://www.wired.com/story/1994-was-unbelievable-and-unrepeatable/
Wired
Angela Watercutter
Culture Apr 26, 2024 7:00 AM
1994 Was the Last Good Year—and It's Still Going
But there is one thing that sets 1994 apart: It might be the last calendar year not really captured online. Netscape Navigator, what would become many people’s default browser, launched December 15, 1994. America Online wouldn’t hit a million users until 1995. The age where nearly all culture would get consumed—and critiqued—on the internet was still in the distance. My memories of 1994 exist as they are; no one can go back and look at tweets, IG stories, or Facebook posts to watch their friend’s Ace Ventura impression or to recall how people reacted when Cobain died.
Hip-hop message boards, X-Files fan forums—these things were coming, but not yet. If you heard about Woodstock ’94 that year, it was on MTV or in Rolling Stone. Not TikTok. Not even Myspace. Pulp Fiction wouldn’t get memed for another decade or so. Social media takes heat for breaking up monoculture, but it also helps solidify it. Maybe if it had arrived earlier, it could have saved My So-Called Life.
https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/white-house-statement-the-american-telephone-and-telegraph-company
https://www.justice.gov/atr/file/705181/dl
excerpts
https://papersofprinceton.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/?a=d&d=Princetonian19621112-01.2.3&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------
Princeton University
Daily Princetonian, Volume 86, Number 121, 12 November 1962
Near-Death Reported
Baker Reveals Hemingway Letters
Ernest Hemingway missed death by inches from an accidental shotgun blast in 1946, Professor Carlos Baker, Hemingway's biographer, revealed yesterday. The incident was discovered in a collection of nearly 150 letters written by Hemingway
The blast was so close that it singed Hemingway's hair.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_War_Medal
Prisoner of War Medal
From Wikipedia
The Prisoner of War Medal is a military award of the United States Armed Forces which was authorized by Congress and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on 8 November 1985.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_War_Medal
Prisoner of War Medal
From Wikipedia
The original wording contained in Public Law 99-145 only authorized the POW Medal for service members held captive "while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States; while engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force; or while serving with friendly forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party."
Accordingly, DoD policy articulated in 1988 concluded that only military captives taken prisoner by enemy or opposing states during active armed conflict were eligible for the award
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_War_Medal
Prisoner of War Medal
From Wikipedia
2013 amendment to clarify non-conflict captivity awards
Background and intent of 2013 amendment
The ambiguity of the 1989 amendment as well as the various policy mistakes spawned an effort to clarify the language in 10 USC 1128(a)(4) allowing the medal for some captives held outside armed conflict. In 2010, multiple rejections of USAAF internees mistreated in Switzerland during World War II led the House Committee on Armed Services to direct the Secretary of Defense to "review the rationale for awarding the prisoner-of-war medal to some Wauwilermoos internees and not to others," and "to award the prisoner-of-war medal to those Wauwilermoos internees, who upon review, the Secretary determines to be entitled to the award." In response, the Department of Defense again denied the awards under the justification that "Switzerland was a neutral country and Switzerland's armed forces were not hostile to the United States."
The department determined that the statute's requirement for "foreign armed forces that are hostile to the United States" did not encompass members of the Swiss military because of Swiss neutrality, irrespective of the personal hostility of the Swiss service members who mistreated the U.S. airmen held at Wauwilermoos prison. In response, the House Committee on Armed Services authored an amendment contained in the FY2013 National Defense Authorization Act that proposed amending 10 USC 1128(a)(4) by striking "that are hostile to the United States." In conference, the Senate revised the amendment to state: "Under uniform regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary concerned may issue a prisoner-of-war medal to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the armed forces, was held captive under circumstances not covered by paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of subsection (a), but which the Secretary concerned finds were comparable to those circumstances under which persons have generally been held captive by enemy armed forces during periods of armed conflict." The conference managers explained that "there may be circumstances when an individual serving with the armed forces is held captive by other than an enemy armed force, by other than a hostile nation, or during times other than periods of armed conflict in conditions comparable to those in which the POW medal is now required. For this reason, the conferees recommend amendment of current law to give the service secretaries the authority to issue an award in appropriate cases where the conditions of captivity are comparable to those in which a POW is held by enemy armed forces."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_War_Medal
Prisoner of War Medal
From Wikipedia
While staffing the Air Force award, the Air Force Directorate of Personnel Services (AFPC/DPS) concluded that "In 1989, Title 10, Section 1128, regarding Prisoner of War Medals changed and allowed Service secretaries to determine eligibility for the POW Medal for personnel held captive in countries not directly involved in armed conflict with the United States, provided the treatment of the prisoners was similar to the treatment received by prisoners held by enemy forces." AFPC/DPS determined that the internees in Siberia met the statutory criteria because "the conditions of this detainment were comparable, if not worse, than those experienced in Germany, and therefore, should be eligible for the POW Medal." In 1996 and 2006 the USAF awarded POW Medals to USAAF T/Sgt Daniel Culler and Lt. Richard Pettit for illegal incarceration during World War II in prison camp Wauwilermoos, in neutral Switzerland. Both airmen were confined at Wauwilermoos as a punishment for escape attempts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_War_Medal
Prisoner of War Medal
From Wikipedia
Precedents under 2013 amendment
As a result of the new policy, 143 of the Wauwilermoos airmen were authorized the medal in an October 15, 2013 decision by acting USAF Secretary Eric Fanning. Eight of the living airmen received the medal from USAF Chief of Staff Gen. Mark Welsh in a ceremony at the Pentagon on April 30, 2014.
From 11/7/2006 ( as me, Kerry Burgess, from my official United States of America Veterans Affairs psychiatric-hospital documents, the final appointment with the psychiatrist ) To 10/15/2013 ( ) is 2534 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 10/10/1972 ( from Washington Post newspaper: "FBI Finds Nixon Aides Sabotaged Democrats" by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward ) is 2534 days
From 10/28/1994 ( premiere USA film "Stargate" ) To 10/15/2013 ( ) is 6927 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 10/20/1984 ( biographical - Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac dead ) is 6927 days
From 12/25/1991 ( an aviator in non-aviator related duties boots on the ground as United States Marine Corps chief warrant officer Kerry Wayne Burgess I was prisoner of war in Croatia ) To 4/30/2014 ( ) is 8162 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 3/8/1988 ( as me, Kerry Burgess, while enlisted paygrade E-5, designated Fire Controlman Petty Officer Second Class (FC2), my official enlisted US Navy documents includes: Terrier MK 152 guided-missiles Fire Control Computers Complex Operator (UNIVAC digital-computers Mk152 Terrier System for, primarily, SM2-ER {Extended Range} Standard Missiles ordnance) - CF-division, Missile Plot, USS Wainwright CG-28, US Navy, following my graduation Naval Missiles School, Dam Neck, Virginia ) is 8162 days
From 11/7/2006 ( as me, Kerry Burgess, from my official United States of America Veterans Affairs psychiatric-hospital documents, the final appointment with the psychiatrist ) To 4/30/2014 ( ) is 2731 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 4/25/1973 ( ) is 2731 days
from my private journal as Kerry Burgess: August 25, 2006
Another day, another lifetime of humiliation.
I wonder if the Navy has a ribbon for being a political prisoner of war.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wainwright_(Medal_of_Honor)
Richard Wainwright (Medal of Honor)
From Wikipedia
Richard Wainwright, Jr. (September 15, 1881 – March 28, 1944), was an officer in the United States Navy during World War I who received the Medal of Honor for actions during the 1914 Veracruz action.
Medal of Honor citation
For distinguished conduct in battle, engagements of Vera Cruz, 21 and 22 April 1914. Lt. Wainwright was eminent and conspicuous in command of his battalion; was in the fighting of both days, and exhibited courage and skill in leading his men through action. In seizing the customhouse, he encountered for many hours the heaviest and most pernicious concealed fire of the entire day, but his courage and coolness under trying conditions were marked.
Namesakes
Three ships have been named USS Wainwright for his father Richard, his grandfather and two other relatives.
http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=917
MilitaryTimes
Frank Jack Fletcher
Date of birth: April 29, 1885
Date of death: April 25, 1973
Burial location: Arlington, Virginia
After graduating from Marshalltown High School in 1902, Fletcher attended and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Class of 1906. He was the nephew of Vera Cruz commander and MOH recipient Frank F. Fletcher. During World War I he received the Navy Cross as commander of the U.S.S. Benham. He graduated from the Naval War College in 1930 and the U.S. War College in 1931. In World War II he was second in command to Vice Admiral Halsey in the Marshall and Gilbert Island raids of 1942. Retiring as an Admiral in the U.S. Navy, he achieved the highest rank of any MOH recipient from the State of Iowa.
AWARDS AND CITATIONS
Medal of Honor
Awarded for actions during the Dominican Republic Occupation
The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Lieutenant Frank Jack Fletcher (NSN: 0-6132), United States Navy, for distinguished conduct in battle attached to the U.S.S. FLORIDA, during the engagements of Vera Cruz, Mexico, 21 and 22 April 1914. Under fire, Lieutenant Fletcher was eminent and conspicuous in performance of his duties. He was in charge of the ESPERANZE and succeeded in getting on board over 350 refugees, many of them after the conflict had commenced. Although the ship was under fire, being struck more than 30 times, he succeeded in getting all the refugees placed in safety. Lieutenant Fletcher was later placed in charge of the train conveying refugees under a flag of truce. This was hazardous duty, as it was believed that the track was mined, and a small error in dealing with the Mexican guard of soldiers might readily have caused a conflict, such a conflict at one time being narrowly averted. It was greatly due to his efforts in establishing friendly relations with the Mexican soldiers that so many refugees succeeded in reaching Vera Cruz from the interior.
From 11/28/1963 ( premiere USA TV "Cowboy and the Tiger" ) To 4/30/2014 ( ) is 18416 days
18416 = 9208 + 9208
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 1/18/1991 ( premiere USA film "Flight of the Intruder" ) is 9208 days
Flight Of The Intruder (1991)
News report tape: A Swiss camera crew in Hanoi, North Vietnam, took this footage of a celebration of sorts, commemorating the defeat of American air pirates. Here in People's Resistance Park, they've set up trophies of their victories: grim reminders of the losses taken in this seven-year-old war over the North.
Virgil Cole: I'll do it. I'll go downtown with you. But first I want you to know something about me. I had a pilot by the name of Jim Becker. He was a good man. We made an agreement that if we ever went down, one of us got hurt, that the other guy would go on. A SAM took us out. We were down on the ground for days, sneaking around, eating bugs, living in holes that we dug. On the sixth day, Becker stepped on a mine and blew half his leg off.
Virgil "Tiger" Cole: I got about a half mile away... and I couldn't do it. But by the time I got back to him, they had already found him and killed him. I saw it happen. I just thought you ought to know that... the skipper and a lot of guys think I just left him there.
Grafton: I don't think you left him there.
From 2/18/1959 ( Dwight Eisenhower, 34th President of USA federal government 1953-1961: Executive Order 10805 - Designating the Central Intelligence Agency as Excepted From Certain Provisions of the Government Employees Training Act ) To 4/30/2014 ( ) is 20160 days
20160 = 10080 + 10080
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 6/8/1993 ( commencement, Princeton University Class of 1993 ) is 10080 days
Flight Of The Intruder (1991)
Grafton: I was looking for Mrs. McPherson.
Sharon's gone. Her husband was killed.
I know.
You're here on a duty call. They send you here to stroke the widow?
Who are you?
Callie Troy. I'm helping pack their stuff. The Navy pays me to help people like Sharon. What can I tell you, Mr. Lieutenant? They were here, but now they're gone. Like a lot people these days. When you get in your airplane and fly away alone, sometimes you don't come back.
He wasn't alone. And he did come back. I was with him.
From 9/11/2001 ( ) to 2/6/2004 ( as me, Kerry Burgess, my final day as full-time employee of Microsoft Corporation in Seattle beginning 12/07/1998 ) is 878 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 3/29/1968 ( premiere USA TV series episode "Star Trek"::"Assignment: Earth" ) is 878 days
Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979)
(from internet transcript)
[Surface of Vulcan]
FEMALE MASTER: (in Vulcan) Our ancestors cast out their animal passions on these very sands, ...saving our race through the attainment of Kolinahr.
MALE MASTER: (in Vulcan) Kolinahr, through which all emotion is renounced and shed.
FEMALE MASTER: (in Vulcan) You have laboured for many seasons, Spock ...and you have proved yourself worthy ...to receive this symbol of pure logic.
(Spock stops her putting the ancient pendant around his neck)
FEMALE MASTER: (in Vulcan) Your thoughts, give them to me. Our minds are joined, Spock, ...together, and as one. I sense the consciousness calling to you from space. ...Your human blood is touched by it, Spock. You have not yet attained Kolinahr. He must search elsewhere for his answer. He shall not find it here. Live long and prosper, Spock.
by me, Kerry Burgess, December 16, 2017
The whole point was to not check the numbers until I got back.
Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979)
(from internet transcript)
KIRK: Enterprise, stand by. The antenna leads are melted away.
SPOCK: Yes Captain, just now. By V'Ger itself.
KIRK: Why?
SPOCK: To prevent reception.
KIRK: Of course.
DECKER: To bring the Creator here, to finish transmitting the code in person, ...to touch the Creator.
McCOY: To capture God! V'Ger's going to be in for one hell of a disappointment.
SPOCK: Perhaps not. ...Captain, ...V'Ger must evolve. Its knowledge has reached the limits of this universe and it must evolve. What it requires of its God, Doctor is the answer to its question, 'Is there nothing more?
McCOY: What more is there than the universe, Spock?
DECKER: Other, dimensions, higher levels of beings.
SPOCK: The existence of which cannot be proved logically, therefore V'Ger is incapable of believing in them.
KIRK: What V'Ger needs in order to evolve is a human quality. Our capacity to leap beyond logic.
DECKER: And joining with its Creator might accomplish that.
McCOY: You mean that this machine wants to physically join with a human? Is that possible?
From 7/22/1915 ( biographical - Sandford Fleming dead ) To 2/14/1969 ( premiere USA TV series episode "Star Trek"::"Requiem for Methuselah" ) is 19566 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 5/29/2019 ( ) is 19566 days
From 12/6/1979 ( premiere USA film "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" ) To 5/29/2019 ( ) is 14419 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 4/25/2005 ( premiere USA TV series "Is It Real?" ) is 14419 days
From 2/14/1977 ( from The Daily Princetonian publication, Princeton University: New Book By Jaynes On Origin Of Consciousness Is Sure To Spark Controversy ) To 5/29/2019 ( ) is 15444 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 2/14/2008 ( premiere USA TV series episode "The Colbert Report"::"Leonard Nimoy" ) is 15444 days
From 6/27/2004 ( as Kerry Burgess the amateur-competitor number 878 I successfully completed the Ironman Coeur d'Alene triathlon ) To 5/29/2019 ( ) is 5449 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 10/3/1980 ( premiere USA film "Oh, God! Book II" ) is 5449 days
From 12/20/1994 ( an aviator in non-aviator related duties boots on the ground in Bosnia as Kerry Wayne Burgess the United States Marine Corps captain this day is my United States Navy Cross medal date of record ) To 5/29/2019 ( ) is 8926 days
8926 = 4463 + 4463
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 1/21/1978 ( premiere USA TV movie "The World Beyond" ) is 4463 days
From 5/25/1977 ( premiere USA film "Star Wars" ) To 5/29/2019 ( ) is 15344 days
15344 = 7672 + 7672
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 11/4/1986 ( as me, Kerry Burgess, my official enlisted US Navy documents includes: Date Completed - US Navy Fire Control Technician Class "A", Service School Command, Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Illinois, - leading to permanent assignment until 1990 to CF-division, Missile Plot - guided-missiles Fire Control Computers Complex (UNIVAC digital-computers Mk152 Terrier System for, primarily, SM2-ER {Extended Range} Standard Missiles ordnance), USS Wainwright CG-28, US Navy, while enlisted paygrade E-5, designated Fire Controlman Petty Officer Second Class (FC2) ) is 7672 days
From 6/30/1989 ( as me, Kerry Burgess, my official enlisted US Navy documents includes: Work Center/Group Supervisor - CF-division, Missile Plot, guided-missiles Fire Control Computers Complex (UNIVAC digital-computers Mk152 Terrier System for, primarily, SM2-ER {Extended Range} Standard Missiles ordnance), USS Wainwright CG-28, US Navy, while enlisted paygrade E-5, designated Fire Controlman Petty Officer Second Class (FC2) ) To 5/29/2019 ( ) is 10925 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 10/1/1995 ( premiere USA TV series episode "Space: Above and Beyond"::"The Farthest Man from Home" ) is 10925 days
From 8/20/1937 ( Franklin Roosevelt, 32nd President of USA: Greeting to the Institute of Human Relations ) To 3/16/1991 ( my first successful major test of my ultraspace matter transportation device as Kerry Wayne Burgess the successful Ph.D. graduate and possibly - or something - the date of the top-secret, doctorate-degree credential from Princeton University, I can theorize only ) is 19566 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 5/29/2019 ( ) is 19566 days
From 9/18/1947 ( Central Intelligence Agency of the United States of America begins active-duty ) To 4/13/2001 ( premiere USA TV series episode "The Outer Limits"::"The Vessel" ) is 19566 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my known birth date in Antlers, Oklahoma, USA, as Kerry Wayne Burgess ) To 5/29/2019 ( ) is 19566 days
excerpts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio
Radio
From Wikipedia
Radio is the technology of communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 3 Hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmitter connected to an antenna which radiates the waves. They can be received by other antennas connected to a radio receiver; this is the fundamental principle of radio communication.
The existence of radio waves was first proven by German physicist Heinrich Hertz on 11 November 1886. In the mid-1890s, building on techniques physicists were using to study electromagnetic waves, Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi developed the first apparatus for long-distance radio communication, sending a wireless Morse Code message to a recipient over a kilometer away in 1895, and the first transatlantic signal on 12 December 1901. The first commercial radio broadcast was transmitted on 2 November 1920
The emission of radio waves is regulated by law, coordinated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which allocates frequency bands in the radio spectrum for various uses.
Etymology
The word radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning "spoke of a wheel, beam of light, ray." It was first applied to communications in 1881 when, at the suggestion of French scientist Ernest Mercadier, Alexander Graham Bell adopted radiophone (meaning "radiated sound") as an alternate name for his photophone optical transmission system.
Radio waves are radiated by electric charges undergoing acceleration. They are generated artificially by time-varying electric currents, consisting of electrons flowing back and forth in a metal conductor called an antenna.
As they travel farther from the transmitting antenna, radio waves spread out so their signal strength (intensity in watts per square meter) decreases (see Inverse-square law), so radio transmissions can only be received within a limited range of the transmitter, the distance depending on the transmitter power, the antenna radiation pattern, receiver sensitivity, background noise level, and presence of obstructions between transmitter and receiver.
- by me, Kerry Wayne Burgess, posted by me: 04:50 AM Pacific-timezone USA Sunday 07/27/2025
