http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_Tears
Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears was the relocation and movement of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the present-day United States. It has been described as an act of genocide. The removal included many members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, and Choctaw nations among others in the United States, from their homelands to Indian Territory (eastern sections of the present-day state of Oklahoma). The phrase originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while on route to their destinations, and many died, including 4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee.
The territorial boundaries claimed as sovereign and controlled by the Native American nations living in what was then known as the Indian Territories -- the portion of the early United States east of the Mississippi not yet claimed or allotted to individual settlers, prior to the establishment of the territory that was to become Oklahoma -- were fixed and determined by national treaties with the United States Federal government under terms recognizing these entities as dependent but internally sovereign, or autonomous nations under the sole jurisdiction of the Federal government.
While retaining their tribal governance, which included a constitution or official council in tribes such as the Iroquois and Cherokee, many portions of the southeastern Native American nations had become partially or completely economically integrated into the economy of the region. This included the plantation economy in states such as Georgia, and the possession of slaves. These slaves were also forcibly relocated during the process of removal. A similar process had occurred earlier in the territories controlled by the Confederacy of the Six Nations in what is now upstate New York prior to the British invasion and subsequent U.S. annexation of the Iroquois nation.
Under the history of U.S. treaty law, the territorial boundaries claimed by Federally-recognized tribes received the same status under which the Southeastern tribal claims were recognized; until the following establishment of reservations of land, determined by the Federal government, which were ceded to the remaining tribes by de jure treaty, in a process that often entailed forced relocation. The establishment of the Indian Territory and the dissolution of Indian territories east of the Mississippi anticipated the establishment of the U.S. Indian reservation system, which was subsequently imposed on remaining Indian lands.
The statutory argument for Native American sovereignty persisted until the Supreme Court ruled in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), that (e.g.) the Cherokees were not a sovereign and independent nation, and therefore not entitled to a hearing before the court. However, in Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the court re-established limited internal sovereignty under the sole jurisdiction of the Federal government, in a ruling that both opposed the subsequent forced relocation and set the basis for modern U.S. case law.
While the latter ruling was famously defied by Jackson, the actions of the Jackson administration were not isolated because state and federal officials had violated treaties without consequence, often attributed to military exigency, as the members of individual Native American nations were not automatically United States citizens and were rarely given standing in any U.S. court.
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 1/19/1993 ( in Asheville North Carolina the Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Burgess is seriously wounded by gunfire when returning fatal gunfire to a fugitive from United States federal justice who was sent again by Bill Gates-Nazi-Microsoft-George Bush the cowardly violent criminal in another attempt to murder the Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Burgess ) is 16382 days
16382 = 8191 + 8191
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birthdate US ) To 8/5/1981 ( US President Ronald Reagan terminates the employement of thousands of striking air traffic controllers in the United States ) is 8191 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 11/2/1965 ( date hijacked from me:the birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA of the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess & my birthdate as legally bound ) is 6442 days
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) To 10/21/1976 ( premiere US TV series "Visions"::series premiere episode "Two Brothers" ) is 6442 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 1/7/1957 ( premiere US TV series "Men of Annapolis"::series premiere episode "Counter Flood" ) is 3221 days
From 1/7/1957 ( premiere US TV series "Men of Annapolis"::series premiere episode "Counter Flood" ) To 11/2/1965 ( date hijacked from me:the birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA of the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess & my birthdate as legally bound ) is 3221 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 8/15/1950 ( my father's sister and my aunt Anne the United Kingdom Princess Royal ) is 884 days
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) To 8/4/1961 ( Barack Hussein Obama the cowardly violent criminal has never been a legal citizen of the United States of America and Barack Hussein Obama actively instigates insurrection and subversive activity against the United States federal government and United States of America public law requires the immediate confinement and deportation of Barack Hussein Obama back to his birth country in Africa ) is 884 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 11/7/1995 ( Bill Gates-Microsoft-Corbis-Barack Hussein Obama the cowardly violent criminal murders Ann Dunham the material witness and Barack Hussein Obama the cowardly violent criminal has never been a legal citizen of the United States of America and United States of America public law requires the immediate confinement and deportation of Barack Hussein Obama back to his birth country in Africa ) is 17404 days
17404 = 8702 + 8702
From 7/16/1963 ( another threat sent to me against my wife ) To 5/13/1987 ( my Missing In Action status in Africa ends and I am being transported secretly over several days by United States Navy warship USS Stark FFG 31 to a United States military land facility for intensive care hospitalization ) is 8702 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 9/11/2001 ( the scheduled terrorist attack by force of violence to destroy the New York City World Trade Center and the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense "The Pentagon" by Bill Gates-Microsoft-Corbis-George Bush the cowardly violent criminal with massive fatalities and destruction ) is 19539 days
19539 = 9769 + 9770
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) To 12/1/1985 ( premiere US TV movie "Perry Mason Returns" ) is 9769 days
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) To 12/1/1985 ( premiere US TV movie "Perry Mason Returns" ) is 9770 days
From 8/19/1946 ( Bill Clinton the coward ) To 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) is 573 days
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) To 9/26/1960 ( premiere US TV series "The Blue Angels"::series premiere episode "Angel on Trial" ) is 573 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 7/12/1950 ( premiere US film "Broken Arrow" & premiere US film "Winchester 73" ) is 850 days
850 = 425 + 425
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) To 5/1/1960 ( Soviet Union antiaircraft fire destroys the United States Central Intelligence Agency U-2 aircraft and the United States Central Intelligence Agency pilot Gary Powers is imprisoned in the Soviet Union ) is 425 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 5/6/1971 ( premiere US TV series episode "This Is Your Life"::"James Brolin" ) is 8453 days
From 5/6/1971 ( premiere US TV series episode "This Is Your Life"::"James Brolin" ) To 6/27/1994 ( I am the pilot and the only plane crash survivor and Kerry Wayne Burgess - circa 1990 also known for official duty as Wayne Newman - Deputy United States Marshal - killed in the line of duty - Lockheed Martin L-1011 aircraft passengers and crew murdered in a scheduled terrorism-sabotage attack by Bill Gates-Nazi-Microsoft-Corbis-NASA-George Bush the cowardly violent criminal that caused the external mounted Orbital Sciences Pegasus space satellite booster rocket to explode under our aircraft ) is 8453 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 6/27/1994 ( I am the pilot and the only plane crash survivor and Kerry Wayne Burgess - circa 1990 also known for official duty as Wayne Newman - Deputy United States Marshal - killed in the line of duty - Lockheed Martin L-1011 aircraft passengers and crew murdered in a scheduled terrorism-sabotage attack by Bill Gates-Nazi-Microsoft-Corbis-NASA-George Bush the cowardly violent criminal that caused the external mounted Orbital Sciences Pegasus space satellite booster rocket to explode under our aircraft ) is 16906 days
16906 = 8453 + 8453
From 7/16/1963 ( another threat sent to me against my wife ) To 9/6/1986 ( premiere US TV series episode "The Canned Film Festival"::"Rocket Attack U.S.A." ) is 8453 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 6/12/1959 ( premiere US film "The Horse Soldiers" ) is 4107 days
4107 = 2053 + 2054
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) To 10/16/1964 ( the first atomic bomb explosion by the Communist People's Republic of China ) is 2053 days
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) To 10/16/1964 ( the first atomic bomb explosion by the Communist People's Republic of China ) is 2054 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 10/5/1958 ( premiere US TV series "Lawman"::series premiere episode "The Deputy" ) is 3857 days
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) To 9/23/1969 ( premiere US TV series "Marcus Welby, M.D." ) is 3857 days
From 5/26/1923 ( James Arness - "Gunsmoke" television series as "Marshal Matt Dillon" ) To 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) is 9059 days
9059 = 4529 + 4530
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) To 7/28/1971 ( premiere US film "Von Richthofen and Brown" ) is 4529 days
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) To 7/28/1971 ( premiere US film "Von Richthofen and Brown" ) is 4530 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 5/17/1959 ( premiere US film "King of the Wild Stallions" ) is 4081 days
From 7/16/1963 ( another threat sent to me against my wife ) To 9/17/1974 ( date hijacked from me:the United States Navy F-14 Tomcat fighter jet aircraft enters active service in the United States Navy fleet and I am the first United States Navy F-14 Tomcat Commander Air Group as United States Navy Commander Thomas Reagan ) is 4081 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 9/29/1963 ( premiere US TV series "My Favorite Martian" ) is 5677 days
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) To 9/17/1974 ( date hijacked from me:the United States Navy F-14 Tomcat fighter jet aircraft enters active service in the United States Navy fleet and I am the first United States Navy F-14 Tomcat Commander Air Group as United States Navy Commander Thomas Reagan ) is 5677 days
From 5/16/1905 ( Henry Fonda ) To 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) is 15643 days
15643 = 7821 + 7822
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) To 8/1/1980 ( date hijacked from me:premiere US film "The Final Countdown" ) is 7821 days
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) To 8/1/1980 ( date hijacked from me:premiere US film "The Final Countdown" ) is 7822 days
From 4/10/1936 ( premiere US film "The Moon's Our Home" ) To 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) is 4356 days
4356 = 2178 + 2178
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) to 2/17/1965 ( date hijacked from me:I am active duty United States Navy SEAL ) is 2178 days
From 4/10/1936 ( premiere US film "The Moon's Our Home" ) To 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) is 4356 days
From 7/16/1963 ( another threat sent to me against my wife ) To 6/19/1975 ( date hijacked from me:the introduction of the United States of America congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 General of the Armies of the United States applies to me personally and professionally as United States Navy Fleet Admiral Thomas Reagan ) is 4356 days
From 7/1/1940 ( premiere US film "The Sea Hawk" ) To 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) is 2813 days
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) to 11/15/1966 ( date hijacked from me:the United States Gemini 12 spacecraft splashdown and I was United States Gemini 12 spacecraft United States Navy astronaut returning from orbit of the planet Earth ) is 2813 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 5/8/1949 ( premiere US TV series pilot "The Jack Benny Program" ) is 420 days
420 = 210 + 210
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) To 9/30/1959 ( premiere US TV series "Men Into Space"::series premiere episode "Moon Probe" & premiere US TV series "Wichita Town"::series premiere episode "The Night the Cowboys Roared" ) is 210 days
From 8/5/1930 ( Neil Armstrong ) To 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) is 6431 days
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) To 10/11/1976 ( date hijacked from me:the United States of America Public Law 94-479 General of the Armies of the United States approved by United States President Gerald Ford and applies to me personally and professionally as United States Navy Fleet Admiral Thomas Reagan ) is 6431 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 6/3/1983 ( premiere US film "WarGames" ) is 12864 days
12864 = 6432 + 6432
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) To 10/11/1976 ( date hijacked from me:the United States of America Public Law 94-479 General of the Armies of the United States approved by United States President Gerald Ford and applies to me personally and professionally as United States Navy Fleet Admiral Thomas Reagan ) is 6432 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 11/2/1965 ( date hijacked from me:the birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA of the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess & my birthdate as legally bound ) is 6442 days
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) To 10/22/1976 ( premiere United Kingdom TV series "The New Avengers"::series premiere episode "House of Cards" ) is 6442 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 11/2/1965 ( date hijacked from me:the birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA of the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess & my birthdate as legally bound ) is 6442 days
From 7/16/1963 ( another threat sent to me against my wife ) To 3/5/1981 ( premiere US TV movie "Death Ray 2000" ) is 6442 days
From 7/14/1913 ( Gerald Ford - the 38th President of the United States of America ) To 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) is 12662 days
12662 = 6331 + 6331
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) to 7/2/1976 ( date hijacked from me:I intercepted the Comet Lucifer in the outer solar system and set to work at diverting it ) is 6331 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 11/13/1982 ( the United States Navy warship USS Gemini PHM 6 commissioned into United States Navy battle force fleet active service ) is 12662 days
12662 = 6331 + 6331
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) to 7/2/1976 ( date hijacked from me:I intercepted the Comet Lucifer in the outer solar system and set to work at diverting it ) is 6331 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 10/18/1980 ( the United States Navy warship USS Arkansas CGN 41 commissioned into United States Navy battle force fleet service ) is 11906 days
11906 = 5953 + 5953
From 3/3/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date US ) to 6/20/1975 ( premiere US film "Jaws" ) is 5953 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 11/25/1961 ( the United States Navy warship USS Enterprise CVN 65 commissioned into United States Navy battle force fleet active service - the first nuclear powered aircraft carrier ) is 5004 days
5004 = 2502 + 2502
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) To 1/8/1966 ( the United States Navy warship USS Wainwright DLG 28 commissioned into United States Navy battle force fleet active service - departing USS Wainwright CG 28 in 1990 as United States Navy Fire Controlman Petty Officer 2nd Class the 2nd United States Navy fleet assignment beginning in July 1987 of Kerry Wayne Burgess ) is 2502 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 12/12/1973 ( premiere US film "The Last Detail" ) is 9404 days
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) To 12/1/1984 ( the United States Navy warship USS Taylor FFG 50 commissioned into United States Navy battle force fleet active service - departing in 1986 as United States Navy Fire Controlman Petty Officer 3rd Class the first United States Navy fleet assignment beginning in December 1984 of Kerry Wayne Burgess ) is 9404 days
From 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) To 5/25/1979 ( premiere US film "Alien" ) is 11394 days
From 3/4/1959 ( date hijacked from me:my birth date UK ) To 5/14/1990 ( departing as United States Navy Fire Controlman Second Class Petty Officer the honorable discharge from United States Navy active service of Kerry Wayne Burgess and the transfer to non-obligated United States Navy reserve service and the eventual enlisted rank of United States Navy Fire Controlman First Class Petty Officer ) is 11394 days
From 7/17/1894 ( Georges Lemaitre - hypothesis of the primeval atom - also known as the Big Bang theory ) To 3/14/1948 ( Thomas Allen Coburn ) is 19598 days
19598 = 9799 + 9799
From 7/16/1963 ( another threat sent to me against my wife ) To 5/14/1990 ( departing as United States Navy Fire Controlman Second Class Petty Officer the honorable discharge from United States Navy active service of Kerry Wayne Burgess and the transfer to non-obligated United States Navy reserve service and the eventual enlisted rank of United States Navy Fire Controlman First Class Petty Officer ) is 9799 days
http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=c000560
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
COBURN, Thomas Allen, (1948 - )
COBURN, Thomas Allen, a Representative and a Senator from Oklahoma; born in Casper, Wyo., March 14, 1948
elected as a Republican to the One Hundred Fourth and to the two succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1995-January 3, 2001); elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2004; reelected in 2010 for the term ending January 3, 2017.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Coburn
Tom Coburn
United States Senator
from Oklahoma
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 3, 2005
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Oklahoma's 2nd district
In office
January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2001
Born March 14, 1948
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/reagan-fires-11359-air-traffic-controllers
HISTORY.COM
Aug 5, 1981:
Reagan fires 11,359 air-traffic controllers
On August 5, 1981, President Ronald Reagan begins firing 11,359 air-traffic controllers striking in violation of his order for them to return to work. The executive action, regarded as extreme by many, significantly slowed air travel for months.
Two days earlier, on August 3, almost 13,000 air-traffic controllers went on strike after negotiations with the federal government to raise their pay and shorten their workweek proved fruitless. The controllers complained of difficult working conditions and a lack of recognition of the pressures they face. Across the country, some 7,000 flights were canceled. The same day, President Reagan called the strike illegal and threatened to fire any controller who had not returned to work within 48 hours. Robert Poli, president of the Professional Air-Traffic Controllers Association (PATCO), was found in contempt by a federal judge and ordered to pay $1,000 a day in fines.
On August 5, an angry President Reagan carried out his threat, and the federal government began firing the 11,359 air-traffic controllers who had not returned to work. In addition, he declared a lifetime ban on the rehiring of the strikers by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1981/80381a.htm
Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With Reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers Strike
August 3, 1981
The President. This morning at 7 a.m. the union representing those who man America's air traffic control facilities called a strike. This was the culmination of 7 months of negotiations between the Federal Aviation Administration and the union. At one point in these negotiations agreement was reached and signed by both sides, granting a $40 million increase in salaries and benefits. This is twice what other government employees can expect. It was granted in recognition of the difficulties inherent in the work these people perform. Now, however, the union demands are 17 times what had been agreed to -- $681 million. This would impose a tax burden on their fellow citizens which is unacceptable.
I would like to thank the supervisors and controllers who are on the job today, helping to get the nation's air system operating safely. In the New York area, for example, four supervisors were scheduled to report for work, and 17 additionally volunteered. At National Airport a traffic controller told a newsperson he had resigned from the union and reported to work because, ``How can I ask my kids to obey the law if I don't?'' This is a great tribute to America.
Let me make one thing plain. I respect the right of workers in the private sector to strike. Indeed, as president of my own union, I led the first strike ever called by that union. I guess I'm maybe the first one to ever hold this office who is a lifetime member of an AFL - CIO union. But we cannot compare labor-management relations in the private sector with government. Government cannot close down the assembly line. It has to provide without interruption the protective services which are government's reason for being.
It was in recongition of this that the Congress passed a law forbidding strikes by government employees against the public safety. Let me read the solemn oath taken by each of these employees, a sworn affidavit, when they accepted their jobs: ``I am not participating in any strike against the Government of the United States or any agency thereof, and I will not so participate while an employee of the Government of the United States or any agency thereof.''
It is for this reason that I must tell those who fail to report for duty this morning they are in violation of the law, and if they do not report for work within 48 hours, they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated.
Q. Mr. President, are you going to order any union members who violate the law to go to jail?
The President. Well, I have some people around here, and maybe I should refer that question to the Attorney General.
Q. Do you think that they should go to jail, Mr. President, anybody who violates this law?
The President. I told you what I think should be done. They're terminated.
The Attorney General. Well, as the President has said, striking under these circumstances constitutes a violation of the law, and we intend to initiate in appropriate cases criminal proceedings against those who have violated the law.
Q. How quickly will you initiate criminal proceedings, Mr. Attorney General?
The Attorney General. We will initiate those proceedings as soon as we can.
Q. Today?
The Attorney General. The process will be underway probably by noon today.
