https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51_Pegasi_b
51 Pegasi b
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
51 Pegasi b (abbreviated 51 Peg b), unofficially dubbed Bellerophon, later named Dimidium, is an extrasolar planet approximately 50 light-years away in the constellation of Pegasus. It was the first exoplanet to be discovered orbiting a main-sequence star, the Sun-like 51 Pegasi, and marked a breakthrough in astronomical research.
Name
51 Pegasi is the Flamsteed designation of the host star. On its discovery, the planet was designated 51 Pegasi b by its discoverers and unofficially dubbed Bellerophon by the astronomer Geoffrey Marcy, in keeping with the convention of naming planets after Greek and Roman mythological figures (Bellerophon was a figure from Greek mythology who rode the winged horse Pegasus).
In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning name was Dimidium for this planet. The name was submitted by the Astronomische Gesellschaft Luzern, Switzerland. 'Dimidium' is Latin for 'half', referring to the planet's mass of at least half the mass of Jupiter.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bikini-introduced/print
HISTORY
JULY 05, 1946 : BIKINI INTRODUCED
On July 5, 1946, French designer Louis Reard unveils a daring two-piece swimsuit at the Piscine Molitor, a popular swimming pool in Paris. Parisian showgirl Micheline Bernardini modeled the new fashion, which Reard dubbed “bikini,” inspired by a news-making U.S. atomic test that took place off the Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean earlier that week.
European women first began wearing two-piece bathing suits that consisted of a halter top and shorts in the 1930s, but only a sliver of the midriff was revealed and the navel was vigilantly covered. In the United States, the modest two-piece made its appearance during World War II, when wartime rationing of fabric saw the removal of the skirt panel and other superfluous material. Meanwhile, in Europe, fortified coastlines and Allied invasions curtailed beach life during the war, and swimsuit development, like everything else non-military, came to a standstill.
In 1946, Western Europeans joyously greeted the first war-free summer in years, and French designers came up with fashions to match the liberated mood of the people. Two French designers, Jacques Heim and Louis Reard, developed competing prototypes of the bikini. Heim called his the “atom” and advertised it as “the world’s smallest bathing suit.” Reard’s swimsuit, which was basically a bra top and two inverted triangles of cloth connected by string, was in fact significantly smaller. Made out of a scant 30 inches of fabric, Reard promoted his creation as “smaller than the world’s smallest bathing suit.” Reard called his creation the bikini, named after the Bikini Atoll.
In planning the debut of his new swimsuit, Reard had trouble finding a professional model who would deign to wear the scandalously skimpy two-piece. So he turned to Micheline Bernardini, an exotic dancer at the Casino de Paris, who had no qualms about appearing nearly nude in public. As an allusion to the headlines that he knew his swimsuit would generate, he printed newspaper type across the suit that Bernardini modeled on July 5 at the Piscine Molitor. The bikini was a hit, especially among men, and Bernardini received some 50,000 fan letters.
Before long, bold young women in bikinis were causing a sensation along the Mediterranean coast. Spain and Italy passed measures prohibiting bikinis on public beaches but later capitulated to the changing times when the swimsuit grew into a mainstay of European beaches in the 1950s. Reard’s business soared, and in advertisements he kept the bikini mystique alive by declaring that a two-piece suit wasn’t a genuine bikini “unless it could be pulled through a wedding ring.”
In prudish America, the bikini was successfully resisted until the early 1960s, when a new emphasis on youthful liberation brought the swimsuit en masse to U.S. beaches. It was immortalized by the pop singer Brian Hyland, who sang “Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka-Dot Bikini” in 1960, by the teenage “beach blanket” movies of Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon, and by the California surfing culture celebrated by rock groups like the Beach Boys. Since then, the popularity of the bikini has only continued to grow.
JOURNAL ARCHIVE: - posted by H.V.O.M - Kerry Wayne Burgess 7:03 PM Pacific Time Spokane Valley Washington USA Monday 25 August 2014 - http://hvom.blogspot.com/2014/08/west-point.html
I was there at The Theodora for a while and then they told me I could move to the Shoreline Homeless Veterans shelter and then they kicked me out to the Compass Center in downtown Seattle where I lived for 300 days and then the Shoreline homeless shelter let me back in but only if I agreed to take more VA hospital dope, which I did
[JOURNAL ARCHIVE 25 August 2014 excerpt ends]
http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=the-simpsons&episode=s05e12
Springfield! Springfield!
The Simpsons
Bart Gets Famous
I didn't do it.
- [ Cricket Chirping ]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerophon
Bellerophon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bellerophon ( or Bellerophontes ) is a hero of Greek mythology. He was "the greatest hero and slayer of monsters, alongside Cadmus and Perseus, before the days of Heracles", and his greatest feat was killing the Chimera, a monster that Homer depicted with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail: "her breath came out in terrible blasts of burning flame." Bellerophon was born at Corinth and was the son of the mortal Eurynome by either her husband Glaucus, or Poseidon.
Bellerophon's myth
The Iliad vi.155–203 contains an embedded narrative told by Bellerophon's grandson Glaucus, named for his great-grandfather, which recounts Bellerophon's myth. Bellerophon's father was Glaucus, who was the king of Corinth and the son of Sisyphus. Bellerophon's grandsons Sarpedon and the younger Glaucus fought in the Trojan War. In the Epitome of pseudo-Apollodorus, a genealogy is given for Chrysaor ("of the golden sword") that would make him a double of Bellerophon; he too is called the son of Glaucus the son of Sisyphus. Chrysaor has no myth save that of his birth: from the severed neck of Medusa, who was with child by Poseidon, he and Pegasus both sprang at the moment of her death. "From this moment we hear no more of Chrysaor, the rest of the tale concerning the stallion only...[who visits the spring of Pirene] perhaps also for his brother's sake, by whom in the end he let himself be caught, the immortal horse by his mortal brother."
Capturing Pegasus
Polyeidos told Bellerophon that he would have need of Pegasus. To obtain the services of the untamed winged horse, Polyeidos told Bellerophon to sleep in the temple of Athena. While Bellerophon slept, he dreamed that Athena set a golden bridle beside him, saying "Sleepest thou, prince of the house of Aiolos? Come, take this charm for the steed and show it to the Tamer thy father as thou makest sacrifice to him of a white bull." It was there when he awoke. Bellerophon had to approach Pegasus while it drank from a well; Polyeidos told him which well—the never-failing Pirene on the citadel of Corinth, the city of Bellerophon's birth. Other accounts say that Athena brought Pegasus already tamed and bridled, or that Poseidon the horse-tamer, secretly the father of Bellerophon, brought Pegasus, as Pausanias understood. Bellerophon mounted his steed and flew off to where the Chimera was said to dwell.
The slaying of the Chimera
When he arrived in Lycia, the Chimera was truly ferocious, and he could not harm the monster even while riding on Pegasus. He felt the heat of the breath the Chimera expelled, and was struck with an idea. He got a large block of lead and mounted it on his spear. Then he flew head-on towards the Chimera, holding out the spear as far as he could. Before he broke off his attack, he managed to lodge the block of lead inside the Chimera's throat. The beast's fire-breath melted the lead, and blocked its air passage. The Chimera suffocated, and Bellerophon returned victorious to King Iobates. Iobates, on Bellerophon's return, was unwilling to credit his story. A series of daunting further quests ensued: he was sent against the warlike Solymi and then against the Amazons who fought like men, whom Bellerophon vanquished by dropping boulders from his winged horse; when he was sent against a Carian pirate, Cheirmarrhus, an ambush failed, when Bellerophon killed all sent to assassinate him; the palace guards were sent against him, but Bellerophon called upon Poseidon, who flooded the plain of Xanthus behind Bellerophon as he approached. In defense the palace women sent him and the flood in retreat by rushing from the gates with their robes lifted high, offering themselves, to which the modest hero replied by withdrawing. Iobates relented, produced the letter, and allowed Bellerophon to marry his daughter Philonoe, the younger sister of Anteia, and shared with him half his kingdom, with fine vineyards and grain fields. The lady Philonoe bore him Isander, Hippolochus and Laodamia, who lay with Zeus the Counselor and bore Sarpedon but was slain by Artemis.
Flight to Olympus and fall
As Bellerophon's fame grew, so did his hubris. Bellerophon felt that because of his victory over the Chimera, and because he thought he was a god he deserved to fly to Mount Olympus, the realm of the gods. However, this presumption angered Zeus and he sent a gadfly to sting the horse, causing Bellerophon to fall all the way back to Earth. Pegasus completed the flight to Olympus where Zeus used him as a pack horse for his thunderbolts. On the Plain of Aleion ("Wandering"), Bellerophon (who had fallen into a thorn bush) lived out his life in misery as a blinded crippled hermit, grieving and shunning the haunts of men until he died.
http://img06.deviantart.net/93fc/i/2011/284/8/5/pegasus_versus_chimera_by_thebeke-d4ckj3w.jpg
http://www.azlyrics.com/m/midnightoil.html
AZ
MIDNIGHT OIL
album: "Blue Sky Mining" (1990)
http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/midnightoil/blueskymine.html
AZ
MIDNIGHT OIL
"Blue Sky Mine"
[Spoken]
An Exxon oil tanker (CSR Company faced tough questioning at the company's annual)
From Geelong (payouts to workers affected by asbestos)
Hey, hey, hey, hey
(There'll be food on the table tonight)
Hey, hey, hey
(There'll be pay in your pocket tonight)
My gut is wrenched out, it is crunched up and broken
My life that is lived is no more than a token
Who'll strike the flint upon the stone and tell me why?
If I yell out at night there's a reply of blue silence
The screen is no comfort, I can't speak my sentence
They blew the lights at heaven's gate and I don't know why
But if I work all day on the blue sky mine
(There'll be food on the table tonight)
Still I walk up and down on the blue sky mine
(There'll be pay in your pocket tonight)
The candy store paupers lie to the shareholders
They're crossing their fingers, they pay the truth makers
The balance sheet is breaking up the sky
So I'm caught at the junction, still waiting for medicine
The sweat of my brow keeps on feeding the engine
Hope the crumbs in my pocket can keep me for another night
And if the blue sky mining company won't come to my rescue
If the sugar refining company won't save me
Who's gonna save me?
Who's gonna save me?
Who's gonna save me?
But if I work all day on the blue sky mine
(There'll be food on the table tonight)
And if walk up and down on the blue sky mine
(There'll be pay in your pocket tonight)
And some have sailed from a distant shore
(And the company takes what the company wants)
And nothing's as precious as a hole in the ground
Who's gonna save me?
Who's gonna save me?
I pray that sense and reason brings us in
Who's gonna save me?
Who's gonna save me?
We got nothing to fear
In the end the rain comes down
In the end the rain comes down
Washes clean the streets of the blue sky town
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8054
The American Presidency Project
John F. Kennedy
XXXV President of the United States: 1961 - 1963
118 - Message to Chairman Khrushchev Concerning the Flight of the Soviet Astronaut.
April 12, 1961
THE PEOPLE of the United States share with the people of the Soviet Union their satisfaction for the safe flight of the astronaut in man's first venture into space. We congratulate you and the Soviet scientists and engineers who made this feat possible. It is my sincere desire that in the continuing quest for knowledge of outer space our nations can work together to obtain the greatest benefit to mankind.
JOHN F. KENNEDY
[N. S. Khrushchev, Chairman, Council of Ministers, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8053
The American Presidency Project
John F. Kennedy
XXXV President of the United States: 1961 - 1963
117 - Statement by the President on the Orbiting of a Soviet Astronaut.
April 12, 1961
THE ACHIEVEMENT by the USSR of orbiting a man and returning him safely to ground is an outstanding technical accomplishment. We congratulate the Soviet scientists and engineers who made this feat possible. The exploration of our solar system is an ambition which we and all mankind share with the Soviet Union and this is an important step toward that goal. Our own Mercury man-in-space program is directed toward that same end.
Note: The President's statement followed an announcement by the Soviet Government that the Russian astronaut, Maj. Yuri Gagarin, had completed an orbital flight around the earth in I hour and 48 minutes.
From 4/12/1961 ( John Kennedy - Message to Chairman Khrushchev Concerning the Flight of the Soviet Astronaut ) To 3/16/1991 ( my first successful major test of my ultraspace matter transportation device as Kerry Wayne Burgess the successful Ph.D. graduate Columbia South Carolina ) is 10930 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/6/1995 is 10930 days
From 6/27/1994 ( the US NASA Stargazer Pegasus rocket failure ) To 10/6/1995 is 466 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 2/11/1967 ( Lyndon Johnson - Statement by the President Concerning the Report "The Space Program in the Post-Apollo Period." ) is 466 days
From 7/19/1989 ( the United Airlines Flight 232 crash ) To 10/6/1995 is 2270 days
2270 = 1135 + 1135
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 12/11/1968 ( Lyndon Johnson - Toasts of the President and the Amir of Kuwait ) is 1135 days
From 5/7/1945 ( Harry Truman - Statement by the President on the Timing of the Announcement of the German Surrender ) To 10/6/1995 is 18414 days
18414 = 9207 + 9207
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 1/17/1991 ( the date of record of my United States Navy Medal of Honor as Kerry Wayne Burgess chief warrant officer United States Marine Corps circa 1991 also known as Matthew Kline for official duty and also known as Wayne Newman for official duty ) is 9207 days
From 5/7/1945 ( Harry Truman - Statement by the President on the Timing of the Announcement of the German Surrender ) To 10/6/1995 is 18414 days
18414 = 9207 + 9207
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 1/17/1991 ( RACKETEER INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS US Title 18 - the Persian Gulf War begins as scheduled severe criminal activity against the United States of America ) is 9207 days
From 9/4/1976 ( George Walker Bush the purveyor of illegal drugs strictly for his personal profit including the trafficking of massive amounts of cocaine into the United States arrested again by police in the United States ) To 10/6/1995 is 6971 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 12/3/1984 ( the Bhopal Gas disaster ) is 6971 days
From 1/16/1955 ( premiere US TV series episode "You Are There"::"The First Flight of the Wright Brothers (December 17, 1903" ) To 12/19/1984 ( as Kerry Wayne Burgess the E-3 Seaman United States Navy I reported aboard the USS Taylor FFG 50 ) is 10930 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/6/1995 is 10930 days
From 2/8/1968 ( premiere US film "Planet of the Apes" ) To 10/6/1995 is 10102 days
10102 = 5051 + 5051
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 9/1/1979 ( the closest approach of the United States Pioneer 11 spacecraft to the planet Saturn ) is 5051 days
From 7/5/1946 ( in Paris France the debut of the bikini ) To 6/7/1976 ( my biological brother Thomas Reagan the civilian and privately financed astronaut in deep space of the solar system in his privately financed atom-pulse propulsion spaceship this day was his first landing the Saturn moon Phoebe and the Saturn moon Phoebe territory belongs to my brother Thomas Reagan ) is 10930 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/6/1995 is 10930 days
From 6/4/1962 ( Charles William Beebe deceased ) To 5/7/1992 ( the first launch of the US space shuttle Endeavour orbiter vehicle mission STS-49 includes me Kerry Wayne Burgess the United States Marine Corps officer and United States STS-49 pilot astronaut ) is 10930 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/6/1995 is 10930 days
From 4/30/1975 ( premiere US TV series pilot "Starsky and Hutch" ) To 10/6/1995 is 7464 days
7464 = 3732 + 3732
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 1/21/1976 ( my biological brother Thomas Reagan the civilian and privately financed astronaut bound for deep space in his privately financed atom-pulse propulsion spaceship this day was his first landing the planet Mars and his documented and lawful exclusive claim to the territory of the planet Mars ) is 3732 days
From 1/21/1976 ( my biological brother Thomas Reagan the civilian and privately financed astronaut bound for deep space in his privately financed atom-pulse propulsion spaceship this day was his first landing the planet Mars and his documented and lawful exclusive claim to the territory of the planet Mars ) To 10/6/1995 is 7198 days
7198 = 3599 + 3599
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 9/10/1975 ( premiere US TV series "Starsky and Hutch" ) is 3599 days
From 1/21/1976 ( my biological brother Thomas Reagan the civilian and privately financed astronaut bound for deep space in his privately financed atom-pulse propulsion spaceship this day was his first landing the planet Mars and his documented and lawful exclusive claim to the territory of the planet Mars ) To 10/6/1995 is 7198 days
7198 = 3599 + 3599
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 9/10/1975 ( premiere US TV series "Doctors' Hospital" ) is 3599 days
From 2/18/1932 ( Herbert Hoover - Message to the World Conference on Narcotic Education ) To 12/25/1991 ( as United States Marine Corps chief warrant officer Kerry Wayne Burgess I was prisoner of war in Croatia ) is 21860 days
21860 = 10930 + 10930
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/6/1995 is 10930 days
From 1/21/1942 ( premiere US film "Nazi Agent" ) To 12/25/1971 ( George Walker Bush the purveyor of illegal drugs strictly for his personal profit including the trafficking of massive amounts of cocaine into the United States confined to federal prison in Mexico for illegally smuggling narcotics in Mexico ) is 10930 days
From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/6/1995 is 10930 days
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/news/204
NASA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Will the real ‘first exoplanet’ please stand up?
July 08, 2015
By Pat Brennan, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Exoplanet hunters disagree over who made the first discovery of a world orbiting another star. The question can even inspire a bit of intercontinental rivalry, with both American and European teams laying claim to “firsts.”
The very first planetary bodies outside our solar system to be clearly identified orbit a bizarre object called a pulsar. This is the extremely dense, rapidly spinning core of a star that has died a spectacular death: blowing itself apart in a supernova explosion.
Pulsars shoot intense beams of radio waves in opposite directions as they spin, like rapidly rotating lighthouse beacons. This characteristic came in handy during early attempts to locate planets circling other stars.
By measuring changes in the pulsing beat from just such a spinning, stellar corpse, Dr. Alexander Wolszczan of Pennsylvania State University found three “pulsar planets.” The planets’ gravitational tugs altered the rhythm of the pulsar, revealing their existence by a kind of interstellar Morse code.
Wolszczan announced the discovery of two in 1992, confirming the third two years later.
Many scientists, however, say the strange circumstances that give rise to pulsar planets—not to mention the extreme environment of destructive radiation around a pulsar—make them radically different from planets orbiting still-living stars.
For the first exoplanet detection in that category, the prize goes to a Swiss team led by Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz, who announced their discovery of 51 Pegasi b on October 6, 1995. This is widely acknowledged as the first true exoplanet to be identified in orbit around a normal star, a scientific milestone that proved worthy of a 20th anniversary celebration.
Score that first of firsts for the Europeans.
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/news/204
NASA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Will the real ‘first exoplanet’ please stand up?
July 08, 2015
By Pat Brennan, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
But the Americans soon entered the spotlight, taking center stage and staying there throughout the early years of planet hunting. Their names still resonate through exoplanet history: Geoff Marcy and Paul Butler, the leaders of the team that went head-to-head with their European competitors.
Marcy and Butler, then at San Francisco State University, and their band of pioneers found 70 of the first 100 exoplanets in a legendary burst of planet-hunting that lasted until 2005.
Strange new world
Marcy had been trying to develop a way to find exoplanets for more than a decade when he learned of the Swiss team’s big discovery. A few days later, he and Butler headed to the Lick Observatory, on a mountaintop near San Jose, to confirm the existence of 51 Pegasi b.
Their observations over four days matched beautifully the properties of the new planet described by the Europeans. But those properties were so strange that many scientists had difficulty believing it was really a planet.
Fifty-one Peg, as it came to be known, was half the size of Jupiter with a seemingly impossible, sun-hugging orbit: a year on the planet—the time it takes to make one orbit around its star—lasts only 4.3 Earth days.
Later observations confirmed its existence. For a while, however, even Marcy had concerns.
And as it turned out, Marcy and Butler might have won the race to find the first exoplanet—if only they’d known what was already in their possession. For months, they’d been recording observations of stars using a light-splitting device called a spectrograph to hunt for stellar wobbles. It was the same method the European team used: capturing subtle changes in starlight being stretched and squeezed as the star moved farther away and then closer to Earth in response to gravitational tugs from an orbiting planet.
But Marcy and Butler never imagined finding a big, heavy, star-hugging planet with a 4-day orbit. When Butler and the team re-examined their data, they began finding one planet after another: large, hot Jupiters that also were rapidly circling their stars.
20/20 hindsight
Another “almost first” involved a Canadian team that, perhaps ironically, devised the wobble technique that Marcy and Mayor later adopted to hunt their first planets. A 1987 press conference brought a revelation: Astronomers Gordon Walker and Bruce Campbell believed they’d found a 2.5-year wobble in the star gamma Cephei—possibly the sign of an orbiting exoplanet. But the announcement was greeted with skepticism; in 1992, Walker rewrote a paper about the discovery on the advice of a colleague, saying the wobble was likely the star’s own pulsations—not the tugs of an orbiting world.
But Walker’s first draft had been correct. In 2003, a Jupiter-sized planet was confirmed to be in orbit around gamma Cephei.
And an important historical footnote raises yet another claim to the real “first,” though one largely dismissed at the time. In the late 1980s, astronomer Dave Latham of Harvard experimented with the same technique that the Mayor and Marcy teams later used: measuring subtle stellar wobbles.
Latham saw something remarkable. A very large object was orbiting a star about 128 light years away. But while he thought it might be a planet, he and other astronomers believed that a small star or even a brown dwarf—a kind of failed star—seemed more likely. Latham’s team said so in their 1989 paper announcing the discovery; the object just seemed too big and too close to its star to be anything else.
In the years that followed, however, discoveries of gigantic, star-hugging planets, now known as “hot Jupiters,” began to pile up. Latham’s object eventually was accepted as a planet, making it a true, if unsung, “first.”
But 51 Peg still manages to retain its first-ever status, and it’s all about the timing. The 1989 announcement suggested a possible planet, though its discoverers lacked enough data to be sure. Confirmation would not come until long after 51 Peg made its big splash in 1995 as the first exoplanet to be reliably identified in orbit around a normal star.
So raise a toast to this star-crisped half Jupiter, the unlikely trailblazer that opened the door to a galactic menagerie of weird worlds taking wild rides around distant stars. Welcome to the age of exoplanets.
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2015/10/06/from-0-to-5000-planets-in-exactly-20-years/#.VxPPbDArKUk
Discover
SCIENCE FOR THE CURIOUS
From 0 to 5,000 Planets in Exactly 20 Years
By Corey S. Powell October 6, 2015 9:57 am
Twenty years ago today, an invisible object circling an obscure star in the constellation Pegasus overturned everything astronomers knew about planets around other stars. No, the fallout was even bigger than that. The indirect detection of 51 Pegasi b—the first planet ever found around a star similar to the sun—revealed that they had never really known anything to begin with.
At the time, even the most adventurous minds blithely assumed that our solar system was more or less typical, a template for all the others. 51 Peg b threw a big splash of reality in their faces. The newfound world was bizarre, a Jupiter-size world skimming the surface of its star in a blistering-fast “year” that lasted just 4.2 days. Its existence ran counter to the standard theories of how planets form and evolve. It answered one big question: Yes, other planetary systems really do exist. But it raised a thousand others.
Michel Mayor still sounds giddy as he recalls the profound confusion sparked by his discovery. In the fall of 1994, he and Didier Queloz, his graduate student at the University of Geneva, were trying out a brand-new spectrograph they had built, called ELODIE. It was designed to split up light in a way that can reveal the very precise motions of stars. Mayor and Queloz used ELODIE to search for subtle back-and-forth stellar dance steps caused by the gravitational tug of a planet or brown dwarf (bigger than a planet but not big enough to shine) orbiting around it. They succeeded almost right away, but the signal they detected from the star 51 Peg was like nothing they anticipated.
“It was so strange that we decided to wait until the next observing season,” Mayor recalls. The motion of the star was far too fast and too extreme to be explained by a planet that was at all like the ones in our solar system…and yet the signal was undeniably there. After another round of observations yielded the exact same result, Mayor and Queloz wrote up a paper—only to have it rejected by one of the reviewers at Nature, who found its claims too outlandish. The editor in chief interceded, Mayor popped a bottle of champagne, and on October 6, 1995, he announced his findings at an Italian astronomy conference, to a chorus of amazement and incredulity.
I shouldn’t sound so judgmental. It’s easy to forget now, but twenty years ago there was no convincing evidence—none—of planets around other sunlike stars. There were just science-fiction fantasies, a handful of discredited claims, and some broad-brush inferences based on the only example scientists had to draw on: our own solar system. (The sole clue about the true diversity of planets was the discovery, three years earlier, of three small objects circling a pulsar, the dead remnant of a supernova explosion—a finding so bizarre that researchers are still puzzling over it.)
Mayor and Queloz opened the floodgates. They showed exactly how to detect planets, and what to look for; they proved, right out the gate, that many of those alien worlds are nothing like the ones in our own solar system. By 2000, astronomers had found dozens of such “exoplanets,” using an expanding set of search techniques. A European satellite called CoRoT pioneered the approach of looking for transits, miniature eclipses created when a planet passes in front of its star. Then in 2009, the Kepler Space Telescope took this technique and pushed it much further, to stunning effect.
Since its launch, Kepler has dominated the planet-hunting business, overwhelming the number of worlds that Mayor and his colleagues could find from the ground. The current tally lists more than 5,400 likely exoplanets, the majority from the Kepler dataset, including about 1,600 that have been confirmed by follow-up observations. Those follow-ups are crucial, though, because Kepler is great at detections but lousy at analysis. It is, as Mayor puts it, a machine of “fantastic statistics.” Making sense of those stats is long, hard work. But that hard work has paid off beautifully.
Continuing in the tradition of 51 Peg b, the exoplanet catalog now contains a dazzling variety of unfamiliar types of worlds: evaporating planets, puffy planets, diamond planets, backward-orbiting planets, and planets orbiting double stars—just like Tatooine in Star Wars, as many fans have eagerly pointed out. In 2004, Mayor’s team discovered a whole new class of planets called super-Earths: rocky worlds that are up to 10 times as massive as our own, and potentially habitable. Super-Earths turn out to be the single most common kind of planet around other stars. “It is very strange to see this huge population,” Mayor says, “since we do not have any planet in this range in the solar system.”
Mayor’s pioneering work in planet hunting has been somewhat obscured over the years by the onslaught of discoveries from Kepler and by a growing number of competing teams. His modest nature and richly accented English surely do not help. But if Mayor feels in any way slighted, he certainly does not show it. When I speak with him, he expounds as effusively about his current research as he does about the initial groping efforts that led him to 51 Peg b.
Just in the past year, Mayor and his team have made two more notable contributions to the exploration of worlds around other stars. In April they revisited 51 Peg b and this time were able to detect the reflected light of the planet itself. That is the first time anyone has observed a direct reflection off the cloudtops of an exoplanet—an incredible achievement given that the nearby star is millions of times brighter. Then in July, Mayor’s collaborators found a planet called HD 219134b, one of the closest super-Earths. It is located just 21 light years away, which will make it a valuable object of study for future space telescopes.
What Mayor and his now-sizable mob of colleagues have not yet managed to track down is the thing they want the most: Earth’s twin, another warm, wet, and welcoming planet that can (or does) support life. Filling in the landscape of exoplanets has been the great adventure of the last twenty years. Finding that one special place on the cosmic map is the great quest for the year 2035.
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28538
The American Presidency Project
Lyndon B. Johnson
XXXVI President of the United States: 1963-1969
48 - Statement by the President Concerning the Report "The Space Program in the Post-Apollo Period."
February 11, 1967
IN THE brief span of less than ten years, the United States Space Program has advanced from small and hesitant beginnings into a large and vital national effort. Today, its achievements provide daily testimony of our country's leadership in space capabilities, in their applications to peaceful practical purposes, and to the advancement of scientific understanding of the world in which we live.
But space is a hostile medium both for man and his instruments and therefore long periods of study, planning and hard work are required before major space undertakings can be successfully executed and their benefits fully harvested. For this reason, my Science Advisory Committee during the last year has been examining the many faceted problem of what the United States might do in space in the early years following our Apollo Program. They have examined the potentialities and the value of new space programs and recommended a course for the future.
We will give careful consideration to these recommendations. Because the opportunities in space are great but the costs are high, our space planning deserves the thoughtful consideration of all Americans. I am therefore releasing this report for publication so that the excellent work of this Committee will be available to all as we chart a course into the future.
LYNDON B. JOHNSON
Note: The report is entitled "The Space Program in the Post-Apollo Period: A Report of the President's Science Advisory Committee" (Government Printing Office, 99 pp.).
A White House announcement of the same date listed the following as major objectives recommended in the report:
1. A limited but important extension of Apollo in order to exploit our anticipated ability to explore the moon.
2. A strongly upgraded program of early unmanned exploration of the nearby planets, on a scale of time and effort that will enable the results of this program to contribute significantly toward the planning of future manned expeditions.
3. A program of technology development and of qualification of man for long duration space flight in anticipation of manned planetary exploration.
4. The extension and vigorous exploitation of space applications for the social and economic well-being of the Nation and for national security.
5. The exploitation of our capability to carry out complex technical operations in near earth orbit for the advance of science, particularly astronomy.
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29269
The American Presidency Project
Lyndon B. Johnson
XXXVI President of the United States: 1963-1969
618 - Remarks of Welcome at the White House to the Amir of Kuwait.
December 11, 1968
Your Highness, Secretary Rusk, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen:
It would be hard for us to produce a colder day, or a warmer greeting. So welcome to America.
You are the first Amir of the State of Kuwait to visit our country. And you are the last visitor to the White House during my term as President of the United States. But there are, Your Highness, other statistics that interest us more than these. They describe the contributions Kuwait is making, not only to the welfare of its own people, but to the development of its neighbors. The Kuwait Fund has become a beacon of leadership in mutual assistance.
Since your state achieved its independence in 1961, it has assumed a mature and responsible role in regional affairs--a role of leadership that is far out of proportion to your size. Kuwait's generosity and leadership are a source of encouragement to all of us who believe that regional cooperation is an important key to world peace and progress.
For more than half a century, Americans have worked closely with the people of Kuwait. We are proud of these associations, and I know that your visit will be both a celebration and a strengthening of those ties.
I am told, Your Highness, that there are certain similarities between your state and mine--in both terrain and resources. In any event, I do know that your traditional Arabic words of greeting have meaning for Texans and Kuwaitis alike; you are, indeed, "among friends in open country."
I look forward to our conversations together. I know they will add much to the mutual respect and friendship which have bound our countries and our people for many years.
Thank you very much for coming. We are delighted that you are here.
Note: The President spoke at 11:40 a.m. on the South Lawn at the White House where Shaikh Sabah al-Salim al-Sabah, Amir of Kuwait, was given a formal welcome with full military honors. In his opening words the President also referred to Dean Rusk, Secretary of State.
The Amir responded as follows:
Mr. President, first of all I should like to express my sincere thanks to you for making available to me this opportunity to meet you and visit your great country.
This visit has a very special significance to me, for on the one hand, it affords me the opportunity to meet you personally and to exchange views with you on various questions of interest to both our countries, and on the other hand, to witness the splendid achievements realized by the American people under your wise leadership and that of your predecessors, the former Presidents of the United States.
Your country, Mr. President, stands out today not only as a principal power in the world, but also as a formidable example of progress in the various scientific and technological fields.
You, Mr. President, have done a great deal in order that your country might become an example to be followed in its splendid achievements in all walks of life. The great progress achieved in this country is indeed a major contribution towards the building of human civilization and the realization of greater prosperity and a better life for all mankind.
It also represents a step toward the objective of protecting man against many of his shortcomings and inadequacies.
As we look at your progress here in such light, we cannot but consider it a significant part of human civilization which belongs to all human beings regardless of time and place.
We in Kuwait look at your achievements with great admiration, because we see in them man's unlimited capacity to push forward the wheel of progress and to undertake the exploration of new and larger areas in the struggle for the realization of his ambitions and aspirations.
This particular feeling on our part is our motivating force in Kuwait so that we may achieve the kind of progress we seek, not only in our country, but indeed, in our Arab world, that part of the world which was the cradle of religion and all human civilization and which provided a beacon of light for the world throughout a long period of man's history.
The Arab nation, like all other nations, believes that it has the capabilities, the potential, the legacy, and the enthusiasm of the present generation from which it can derive the strength to become a creative power.
The Arab nation can thus make up for whatever it may have failed to do in relation to improving its own lands and contributing its share of human progress and the creation of more favorable conditions for the emergence of a better world and a better life for all mankind.
Allow me, Mr. President, to make here a passing reference to the fact that we in our country and area fully realize that we live in a changing world and that this fact requires a continuous effort on our part to adjust to the ever changing conditions of life.
It is therefore no exaggeration to say that in spite of the fact that it has been only a few short years since the various components of the Arab world-- of which Kuwait is an integral part--gained their independence, they have made remarkable strides in all fields of development and reconstruction.
But the road ahead remains long and the task difficult. It is to our great satisfaction that by the will of God we are determined to move ahead on this road until we achieve our goals and realize our aspirations, so that future generations may reap the harvest of this struggle and these endeavors.
In our world of today, we are establishing the foundations and the landmarks for those who are to succeed us so that the efforts of present and future generations may together serve the same noble purpose in a coordinated, organized manner.
In closing, allow me, Mr. President, to begin my visit to your country by delivering the greetings of the Government and people of Kuwait to the great Government and people of your country and by expressing our sincere gratitude and appreciation and very special thanks to you, Mr. President, and Mrs. Johnson.
Citation: Lyndon B. Johnson: "Remarks of Welcome at the White House to the Amir of Kuwait.," December 11, 1968.
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29270
The American Presidency Project
Lyndon B. Johnson
XXXVI President of the United States: 1963-1969
619 - Toasts of the President and the Amir of Kuwait.
December 11, 1968
Your Highness, Vice President and Mrs. Humphrey, Secretary and Mrs. Rusk, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen:
We are all pleased that you could be here to share this evening with us. This is the last of these happy occasions, these state visits, that I shall attend here in the White House.
And I think it is most fitting that our guest of honor tonight should be the Amir of Kuwait, for his country has set many examples for the other nations of the world to follow.
Those of you who are not very familiar with Kuwait may know it only as an oil producing country. But under the very wise and progressive leadership of our distinguished guest, Kuwait has developed not only its natural resources, but has also developed its human resources.
His Highness has worked wonders for the welfare of his people. He has provided free education. He has provided medical care. He has created job opportunities which will assure them lives of independence and dignity.
Perhaps the most stirring example of Kuwait's success is the amount of assistance that it is able to give to other more needy countries.
In terms of its gross national product, Kuwait devotes 12 percent of its resources to various forms of foreign assistance to its neighbors and other nations of the world.
This very small state leads the entire world in its contributions to helping others. And I wish that other nations, including our own, were doing nearly as well in terms of percentage points.
I have enjoyed very much the frank discussions that I have had with His Highness this afternoon.
All Americans are deeply concerned over the plight of one group of people in the Middle East who are especially on my mind tonight--those victims of 20 years of war, who have lost their homes and who must be returned to normal lives if peace is ever to come to that area.
Our two countries, sir, are separated by great distances and they do differ somewhat in size. But I know from our talks this afternoon that we do have the same objectives, we do have the same hopes, and we do share the same goals--peace in the world, regional stability, the assurance of justice and hope for the men and women and children who have for so long been denied a fair start in their pursuit of happiness.
So, it is with great pleasure that Mrs. Johnson and I have the privilege of being here with the leading citizens from throughout this Nation--from all of its 50 States--and I should like to ask all of you ladies and gentlemen to join me in a toast to our honored guest, the Amir of Kuwait.
Note: The President proposed the toast at 10:10 p.m. at a dinner in the State Dining Room at the White House. In his opening words he also referred to Vice president Hubert H. Humphrey, Mrs. Humphrey, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, and Mrs. Rusk.
Shaikh Sabah al-Salim al-Sabah, Amir of Kuwait, responded as follows:
Mr. President, I would like to express my deep gratitude for this splendid reception which has provided me once again with the opportunity to meet with you, Mr. President, and this select group of distinguished Americans.
The size of hospitality and generosity which has been accorded us since our arrival in your country is but an expression of the strength and depth of the friendship between our two countries, which has been characterized by the close relations that go back to a time preceding the exchange of diplomatic representation between us.
Excuse me, Mr. President, if I avail myself of this opportunity tonight to ask you all to share with me some of the thoughts which I have in mind and which I am sure are in the minds of a great number of individuals in my country and our area and in other parts of the world.
There is no doubt that man's world of today is passing through the most dangerous period of its history and that human civilization, which is the work of many nations through many centuries, has never faced the threat of annihilation it faces today. All indications would suggest that this horrible thing will never take place as long as the instinct of survival in man provides the motivation to want to live and as long as his talent of good reason and sound judgment causes him to do whatever is beneficial to him and to avoid whatever is harmful.
However, the fear that any miscalculation might lead to an uncontrollable situation is on the increase day by day. This danger becomes evident every time tension erupts in one area or another and every time the international situation is confronted with an impasse for one reason or another.
There is no doubt that we have in the world today a long list of sensitive areas, areas of tension, each having the potential of becoming the spark that may involve the entire world in what is most feared by mankind in our day.
This state of affairs has led to the emergence of several important developments in the field of international relations that should be taken into account in any evaluation of what is taking place around us today.
Most important of these developments are the following: First, the fear that a nuclear war might break out has led to the emergence of a certain measure of sensitivity throughout the world to the point that as soon as any potentially dangerous events take place in any region, the other regions of the world are bound to respond deeply and promptly.
This prompt response in any one area to what happens in other parts of the world has become the main characteristic of our age. This could either be a good sign or a bad one, depending on the kind of response that results or on whether it is motivated by selfish purposes or is based, as it should be, on a true understanding of the problems of the world and the fair recognition of the feelings and aspirations of other nations and their capacity as an integral part of mankind.
Secondly, the prevailing state of affairs in the world today is such that regional problems are usually polarized. It has been noted that ever since the cold war started between the East and the West, and due to the complications of the age, any regional conflict is most likely to turn into a conflict between the big powers. And this is the main cause for that sense of danger which the world feels whenever a local or regional conflict erupts in any part of the world.
These phenomena are not as clearly manifested anywhere in the world as they are in the Middle East area, of which our country, Kuwait, is a small, but a vital part.
This area, Mr. President, was living in peace and security and was looking forward to the day when it would be able to reconstruct itself after a long period of darkness imposed on it by foreign occupation in most of its parts.
But due to its strategic position, this area has become a target for all those who look at it with a covetous eye. For no sooner had it opened its eyes to what was going on in the world around it and begun the struggle to reestablish its prestige as a vital and creative part of the world today, then it fell prey to international conspiracies and machinations.
However, most of the countries of this area were able to gain their independence in spite of unfavorable circumstances.
But the area is still far from enjoying just peace and stability because the problems which have been imposed on it are still far from being resolved. The reason is that the methods which have been followed to solve these problems are based on the recognition of one status quo after another, thus disregarding the true causes of the conflict and they are based on the considerations relating to the international conflicts between the big powers and not on the regional considerations, which were the cause of the conflict in the first place.
Almost a year and a half have passed since the war of June 1967 and large parts of three Arab countries which are members of the United Nations remain under occupation.
More important than that is the fact that the main victims of this conflict are the 2 1/2 million Arab people of Palestine who continue to live as displaced persons, denied their right to their homes, property, and homeland.
This, Mr. President, is the basic cause of the so-called Middle East problem. Peace will never be established in the area and stability will never be restored unless the problem is dealt with at its roots.
We do realize, Mr. President, that there are differences in opinion between our two governments on this subject. But all that we hope for is that any judgment on your part regarding any issue arising in the sensitive area should be a just and fair one-a judgment which does not rest on the implications of the new issue, but rather on the fact that this new issue is but a subsidiary issue resulting from a long dispute, one which has been in existence more than a half a century, and which has culminated in the catastrophe now besetting the Middle East area.
Any judgment on any issue made without regard to the original dispute would serve only as a sedative for some time, but will not serve the cause of lasting peace and justice in the area. These, Mr. President, are some of the thoughts which I wanted to convey to you personally, because it is my belief that frankness is imperative if we are to try to solve the difficult problems of our area.
If there are nations in the world today that seek peace, the Arab nation with its long record of struggle, strife, and turbulence in the last half century and with its consequent need for peace so as to be able to devote its efforts to reconstruction and development, that nation is certainly among these nations that want peace in the Middle East.
But this does not mean that it needs or could accept peace at any price. What it needs is peace based on justice and fair play.
Again, Mr. President, let me thank you for this wonderful reception and for the opportunity which has been afforded me to be with you tonight and to be able to present these friend-to-friend views.
I accepted your kind invitation to visit your great country during a crucial period which our area is living in today, only because of my deep conviction that the Kuwaiti people in particular, and the Arab people in general, want the friendship of all, particularly that of the American people with whom they share mutual ideals and whose objective is to serve man and the cause of world peace, so that all mankind may live in a world in which understanding and brotherhood prevail.
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29272
The American Presidency Project
Lyndon B. Johnson
XXXVI President of the United States: 1963-1969
620 - Joint Statement Following Discussions With the Amir of Kuwait.
December 11, 1968
HIS HIGHNESS, Shaikh Sabah al-Salim al Sabah, Amir of Kuwait, is paying a state visit to the United States during the month of December 1968, at the invitation of President Lyndon B. Johnson. The two heads of state met at noon on December 11 to discuss the relations between their two governments and to review matters of common importance internationally.
His Highness the Amir and the President spoke of the strong relations which exist between Kuwait and the United States and which date back over fifty years before Kuwait acquired full independence in 1961. They agreed that--in addition to economic relations--the two countries have mutual interests in preserving regional and international peace, stability, and the strengthening of the economies of developing nations. The President assured His Highness the Amir of his personal belief that the United States' keen interest in these mutual concerns would continue and that the United States would endeavor to maintain and strengthen the close ties which now exist between the two countries.
The two leaders reviewed the relations between the two countries and expressed their satisfaction at the development of these relations in the cultural, industrial, commercial and technical fields.
The President and His Highness the Amir discussed international affairs. The president described U.S.. efforts to bring a just peace to Southeast Asia. His Highness the Amir expressed his hope that peace and stability would prevail in that area.
The two leaders reviewed thoroughly the situation in the Middle East. His Highness explained Kuwait's attitude toward the Palestine Question and emphasized the rights of the Palestinian people to return to their homeland, and his total rejection of annexation by force of Arab territories in contradiction of the charter of the United Nations. The President explained that U.S.. efforts in the area are directed at the achievement of a lasting and honorable peace based on the United Nations Security Council Resolution of November 22, 1967. The President noted that the U.S.. Government fully supports the efforts of Ambassador Jarring to this end.
The President and His Highness the Amir discussed the situation which will result from the withdrawal of Britain from the Gulf Amirates. They expressed their desire that stability prevail in the area as a basis for its progress and prosperity through the cooperation of the states bordering on the Gulf.
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=12247
The American Presidency Project
Franklin D. Roosevelt
XXXII President of the United States: 1933-1945
25 - Statement by the President on the Timing of the Announcement of the German Surrender.
May 7, 1945
I HAVE AGREED with the London and Moscow governments that I will make no announcement with reference to surrender of the enemy forces in Europe or elsewhere until a simultaneous statement can be made by the three governments. Until then, there is nothing I can or will say to you.
Note: Later in the day a White House release stated that on the basis of reports received the President "confidently expects to make an announcement to the nation by radio at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning." The release added that unless unforeseen developments caused a change in plans a press conference would be called at 8:30 a.m. at which time the press and radio would be given in confidence the text of the President's radio remarks.
Citation: Harry S. Truman: "Statement by the President on the Timing of the Announcement of the German Surrender.," May 7, 1945.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender
German Instrument of Surrender
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The German Instrument of Surrender ended World War II in Europe. The definitive text was signed in Karlshorst, Berlin on the night of 8 May 1945 by representatives of the three armed services of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) and the Allied Expeditionary Force together with the Supreme High Command of the Red Army, with further French and US representatives signing as witnesses; an earlier version of the text having been signed in a ceremony in Reims in the early hours of 7 May 1945.
Surrender ceremonies
Consequently, the first Instrument of Surrender was signed at Reims at 02:41 Central European Time (CET) on 7 May 1945. The signing took place in a red brick schoolhouse, the Collège Moderne et Technique de Reims (fr), that served as the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). It was to take effect at 23:01 CET (one minute after midnight,British Double Summer Time) on 8 May, the 48 hour grace period having been back-dated to the start of final negotiations.
The unconditional surrender of the German armed forces was signed by Jodl, on behalf of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (English: "German High Command"). Walter Bedell Smith signed on behalf of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force and Ivan Susloparov on behalf of the Soviet High Command. French Major-General François Sevez signed as the official witness.
Eisenhower had proceeded throughout in consultation with General Antonov of the Soviet High Command; and at his request, General Susloparov had been seconded to the SHAEF Headquarters to represent the Soviet High Command in the surrender negotiations. The text of the act of surrender had been telegraphed to General Antonov in the early hours of 7 May, but no confirmation of Soviet approval had been received by the time of the surrender ceremony, nor was there confirmation that General Susloparov was empowered to sign as representing the Soviet High Command. Accordingly, Eisenhower agreed with Susloparov that a separate text should be signed by the German emissaries; undertaking that fully empowered representatives of each of the German armed services would attend a formal ratification of the act of surrender at a time and place designated by the Allied High Commands.
“UNDERTAKING GIVEN BY CERTAIN GERMAN EMISSARIES TO THE ALLIED HIGH COMMANDS
It is agreed by the German emissaries undersigned that the following German officers will arrive at a place and time designated by the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, and the Soviet High Command prepared, with plenary powers, to execute a formal ratification on behalf of the German High Command of this act of Unconditional Surrender of the German armed forces.
Chief of the High Command; Commander-in-Chief of the Army; Commander-in-Chief of the Navy; Commander-in-Chief of the Air Forces.
SIGNED
JODL
Representing the German High Command. DATED 0241 7 May 1945 Rheims, France
http://aerospacedefenseforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ah-64-apache-1.jpg
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0063442/releaseinfo
IMDb
Planet of the Apes (1968)
Release Info
USA 8 February 1968 (New York City, New York)
https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/exploring-the-planets/online/solar-system/saturn/observations.cfm
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
OBSERVATIONS OF SATURN
Pioneer Encounters Saturn
Prior to the Pioneer 11 close approach on September 1, 1979, Saturn had never been inspected by spacecraft. Pioneer 11 instruments discovered a strong magnetic field surrounding Saturn, 500 times stronger than Earth's and aligned with the orbital axis. The planet was also found to have an internal heat source responsible for radiating more energy than it receives from the Sun.
http://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Beebe
Encyclopædia Britannica
William Beebe
American biologist and explorer
William Beebe, in full Charles William Beebe (born July 29, 1877, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.—died June 4, 1962, Simla Research Station, near Arima, Trinidad), American biologist, explorer, and writer on natural history who combined careful biological research with a rare literary skill. He was the coinventor of the bathysphere.
Beebe was curator of ornithology at the New York Zoological Gardens from 1899 and director of the department of tropical research of the New York Zoological Society from 1919. He led numerous scientific expeditions abroad and in 1934 with Otis Barton descended in his bathysphere to a then record depth of 3,028 feet (923 metres) in Bermuda waters. A noted lecturer, he received numerous prizes and honours for scientific research and for his books, both technical and popular. His books include Jungle Days (1925), Pheasants, Their Lives and Homes (1926), Beneath Tropic Seas (1928), Half Mile Down (1934), High Jungle (1949), The Edge of the Jungle (1950), and Unseen Life of New York (1953).
http://www.tv.com/shows/you-are-there/the-first-flight-of-the-wright-brothers-664906/
tv.com
You Are There Season 3 Episode 21
The First Flight of the Wright Brothers
Aired Sunday 6:30 PM Jan 16, 1955 on CBS
December 17, 1903, witness the first time the Orville and Wilbur take to the skies. Hosted by Walter Cronkite.
AIRED: 1/16/55
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23451
The American Presidency Project
Herbert Hoover
XXXI President of the United States: 1929 - 1933
52 - Message to the World Conference on Narcotic Education.
February 18, 1932
PLEASE EXTEND my cordial greetings to the members of the fifth annual conference of committees of the World Narcotic Defense Association and my earnest hope that it may be inspired to yet more effective measures to destroy this fearful menace to the well-being of the race.
HERBERT HOOVER
[World Narcotic Defense Association, McAlpin Hotel, New York City]
Note: The message was read at the fifth annual conference of the International Narcotic Education Association and the World Narcotic Defense Association which met in the McAlpin Hotel in New York City.
https://img.washingtonpost.com/rw/WashingtonPost/Content/Blogs/the-fix/201407/Images/1012203.jpg
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0035114/releaseinfo
IMDb
Nazi Agent (1942)
Release Info
USA 21 January 1942 (premiere)
http://www.bhopal.com/
Union Carbide Corporation
Bhopal Gas Tragedy Information
In the early hours of December 3,1984, methylisocyanate (MIC) gas leaked from a plant owned, managed and operated by Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) in the central India city of Bhopal. According to government figures, approximately 5,200 people died and several thousand other individuals suffered permanent or partial disabilities.
http://www.tv.com/shows/starsky-and-hutch/starsky-and-hutch-159807/
tv.com
Starsky And Hutch Season 1 Episode 0
Starsky and Hutch
Aired Wednesday 10:00 PM Apr 30, 1975 on ABC
AIRED: 4/30/75
http://www.tv.com/shows/starsky-and-hutch/savage-sunday-11295/
tv.com
Starsky And Hutch Season 1 Episode 1
Savage Sunday
Aired Wednesday 10:00 PM Sep 10, 1975 on ABC
AIRED: 9/10/75
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0563811/releaseinfo
IMDb
Doctors' Hospital (TV Series)
Point of Maximum Pressure (1975)
Release Info
USA 10 September 1975
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0563811/
IMDb
Doctors' Hospital (1975–1976)
Point of Maximum Pressure
1h Drama Episode aired 10 September 1975
Season 1 Episode 1
Release Date: 10 September 1975 (USA)
http://www.simpsonsarchive.com/episodes/BABF06.txt
Faith Off [ The Simpsons ]
Original Airdate on FOX: 16-Jan-2000
Bart: Excuse me, Brother Faith? I've gotta know -- how did you *really* get the bucket off my Dad's head?
Faith: Well, I didn't, son. You did. God gave you the power.
Bart: Really? Huh. I would think that He would want to limit my power.
Faith: [laughs] Oh, yes, Lord. When I was your age, I was a hellraiser, too. [holds up Bart's slingshot] My slingshot was my cross. But I saw the light, and changed my wicked ways.
Bart: I think I'll go for the life of sin, followed by a presto-change-o deathbed repentance.
Faith: Wow, that's a good angle. [contemplates for a second] But that's not God's angle. Why not spend your life helping people instead. Then you're also covered in case of sudden death.
Bart: Full coverage? Hmmm.
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0970416/quotes
IMDb
The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008)
Quotes
Professor Barnhardt: There must be alternatives. You must have some technology that could solve our problem.
Klaatu: Your problem is not technology. The problem is you. You lack the will to change.
Professor Barnhardt: Then help us change.
Klaatu: I cannot change your nature. You treat the world as you treat each other.
Professor Barnhardt: But every civilization reaches a crisis point eventually.
Klaatu: Most of them don't make it.
Professor Barnhardt: Yours did. How?
Klaatu: Our sun was dying. We had to evolve in order to survive.
Professor Barnhardt: So it was only when your world was threated with destruction that you became what you are now.
Klaatu: Yes.
Professor Barnhardt: Well that's where we are. You say we're on the brink of destruction and you're right. But it's only on the brink that people find the will to change. Only at the precipice do we evolve. This is our moment. Don't take it from us, we are close to an answer.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Earth-DSCOVR-20150706-IFV.jpg
http://www.chakoteya.net/StarTrek/28.htm
The City on the Edge of Forever [ Star Trek: The Original Series ]
Stardate: 3134.0
Original Airdate: Apr 6, 1967
MCCOY: You deliberately stopped me, Jim. I could have saved her. Do you know what you just did?
SPOCK: He knows, Doctor. He knows.
- posted by H.V.O.M - Kerry Wayne Burgess 6:02 PM Pacific Time Spokane Valley Washington USA Sunday 17 April 2016
