George Bush - Another Pedophile Protected by the American Taxpayer.

http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/13/us/worst-charities/

CNN


Above the law: America's worst charities

By Kris Hundley and Kendall Taggart, Special to CNN

Updated 7:50 AM ET, Thu June 13, 2013

The worst charity in America operates from a metal warehouse behind a gas station in Holiday, Florida.

Every year, Kids Wish Network raises millions of dollars in donations in the name of dying children and their families.

Every year, it spends less than 3 cents on the dollar helping kids.

Most of the rest gets diverted to enrich the charity's operators and the for-profit companies Kids Wish hires to drum up donations.

In the past decade alone, Kids Wish has channeled nearly $110 million donated for sick children to its corporate solicitors. An additional $4.8 million has gone to pay the charity's founder and his own consulting firms.

No charity in the nation has siphoned more money away from the needy over a longer period of time.

But Kids Wish is not an isolated case, a yearlong investigation by the Tampa Bay Times and The Center for Investigative Reporting has found.

Using state and federal records, the Times and CIR identified nearly 6,000 charities that have chosen to pay for-profit companies to raise their donations.

Then reporters took an unprecedented look back to zero in on the 50 worst - based on the money they diverted to boiler room operators and other solicitors over a decade.

America's 50 worst charities

These nonprofits adopt popular causes or mimic well-known charity names that fool donors. Then they rake in cash, year after year.

The nation's 50 worst charities have paid their solicitors nearly $1 billion over the past 10 years that could have gone to charitable works.

AC360: CNN's Drew Griffin investigates

Until today, no one had tallied the cost of this parasitic segment of the nonprofit industry or traced the long history of its worst offenders.

Among the findings:

-- The 50 worst charities in America devote less than 4% of donations raised to direct cash aid. Some charities gave even less. Over a decade, one diabetes charity raised nearly $14 million and gave about $10,000 to patients. Six spent no cash at all on their cause.

-- Even as they plead for financial support, operators at many of the 50 worst charities have lied to donors about where their money goes, taken multiple salaries, secretly paid themselves consulting fees or arranged fund-raising contracts with friends. One cancer charity paid a company owned by the president's son nearly $18 million over eight years to solicit funds. A medical charity paid its biggest research grant to its president's own for-profit company.

-- Some nonprofits are little more than fronts for fund-raising companies, which bankroll their startup costs, lock them into exclusive contracts at exorbitant rates and even drive the charities into debt. Florida-based Project Cure has raised more than $65 million since 1998, but every year has wound up owing its fundraiser more than what was raised. According to its latest financial filing, the nonprofit is $3 million in debt.

-- To disguise the meager amount of money that reaches those in need, charities use accounting tricks and inflate the value of donated dollar-store cast-offs - snack cakes and air fresheners - that they give to dying cancer patients and homeless veterans.

Over the past six months, the Times and CIR called or mailed certified letters to the leaders of Kids Wish Network and the 49 other charities that have paid the most to solicitors.

Most declined to answer questions about their programs or would speak only through an attorney.

Approached in person, one charity manager threatened to call the police; another refused to open the door. A third charity's president took off in his truck at the sight of a reporter with a camera.

Kids Wish has hired Melissa Schwartz, a crisis management specialist in New York City who previously worked for the federal government after the 2010 BP oil spill.

Schwartz said Kids Wish hires solicitors so its staff can focus on working with children, not on raising donations. According to its 2011 IRS filing, the charity has 51 employees. Schwartz also said donors who give directly to the charity instead of in response to solicitations ensure that 100% of their pledge will be spent granting wishes.

She declined to answer additional questions about Kids Wish's fund-raising operations, saying the charity "is focused on the future."

Charity operators who would talk defended their work, saying raising money is expensive especially in tough economic times.

"No parent has ever turned me down for assistance because we got our money from a telemarketer," said David Thelen, who runs the Committee for Missing Children in Lawrenceville, Georgia. The charity is No. 13 on the Times/CIR list.

Identifying the 50 worst

To identify America's 50 worst charities, the Times and CIR pieced together tens of thousands of pages of public records collected by the federal government and 36 states. Reporters started in California, Florida and New York, where regulators require charities to report results of individual fund-raising campaigns.

The Times and CIR used those records to flag a specific kind of charity: those that pay for-profit corporations to raise the vast majority of their donations year in and year out.





http://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/inside-the-hidden-world-of-thefts-scams-and-phantom-purchases-at-the-nations-nonprofits/2013/10/26/825a82ca-0c26-11e3-9941-6711ed662e71_story.html

The Washington Post


Inside the hidden world of thefts, scams and phantom purchases at the nation’s nonprofits

By Joe Stephens and Mary Pat Flaherty October 26, 2013

For 14 years, the American Legacy Foundation has managed hundreds of millions of dollars drawn from a government settlement with big tobacco companies, priding itself on funding vital health research and telling the unadorned truth about the deadly effects of smoking.

Yet the foundation, located just blocks from the White House, was restrained when asked on a federal disclosure form whether it had experienced an embezzlement or other “diversion” of its assets.

SEE ALSO: Read about how a trusted bookkeeper was embezzling money from a nonprofit rowing club in Virginia, plus how this story was reported.

Legacy officials typed “yes” on Page 6 of their 2011 form and provided a six-line explanation 32 pages later, disclosing that they “became aware” of a diversion “in excess of $250,000 committed by a former employee.” They wrote that the diversion was due to fraud and now say they believe they fulfilled their disclosure requirement.

Records and interviews reveal the full story: an estimated $3.4 million loss, linked to purchases from a business described sometimes as a computer supply firm and at others as a barbershop, and to an assistant vice president who now runs a video game emporium in Nigeria.

Also not included in the disclosure report: details about how Legacy officials waited nearly three years after an initial warning before they called in investigators.

“We’re not innocent in this,” said Legacy chief executive Cheryl Healton. “We are horrified it happened on our watch. The truth hurts — we screwed up.”

A Washington Post analysis of filings from 2008 to 2012 found that Legacy is one of more than 1,000 nonprofit organizations that checked the box indicating that they had discovered a “significant diversion” of assets, disclosing losses attributed to theft, investment fraud, embezzlement and other unauthorized uses of funds.

The diversions drained hundreds of millions of dollars from institutions that are underwritten by public donations and government funds. Just 10 of the largest disclosures identified by The Post cited combined losses to nonprofit groups and their affiliates that potentially totaled more than a half-billion dollars.

While some of the diversions have come to public attention, many others — such as the one at the American Legacy Foundation — have not been reported in the news media. And The Post found that nonprofits routinely omitted important details from their public filings, leaving the public to guess what had happened — even though federal disclosure instructions direct nonprofit groups to explain the circumstances. About half the organizations did not disclose the total amount lost.





http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/watch/conservative-group-accused-of-troop-aid-scam-315473987635

msnbc


THE RACHEL MADDOW SHOW 8/5/14

Conservative group accused of US troop aid scam

Kim Barker, reporter for the New York Times, talks with Steve Kornacki about her report on Move America Forward, a charity she says lied about its supposed mission to help deployed U.S. troops, enriching its founders instead.










http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/movie_script.php?movie=first-blood

Springfield! Springfield!


First Blood (1982)


He was your best guy?
It doesn't matter how he ended,
he was once something real special.










From 2/5/1993 ( premiere US film "Bound by Honor" ) To 5/21/2005 is 4488 days

4488 = 2244 + 2244

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 12/25/1971 ( George Walker Bush the purveyor of illegal drugs strictly for his personal profit including the trafficking of massive amounts of cocaine into the United States confined to federal prison in Mexico for illegally smuggling narcotics in Mexico ) is 2244 days



From 11/27/1991 ( United Nations Security Council Resolution 721 calls for UN peacekeepers in Yugoslavia ) To 5/21/2005 is 4924 days

4924 = 2462 + 2462

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 7/30/1972 ( premiere US film "Deliverance" ) is 2462 days



From 3/29/2001 ( premiere US film "Blow" ) To 5/21/2005 is 1514 days

1514 = 757 + 757

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 11/29/1967 ( Lyndon Johnson - Statement by the President on the Completion of the Agency for International Development Program in Iran ) is 757 days



From 6/20/1960 ( John Brendan Kelly Sr deceased ) To 5/21/2005 is 16406 days

16406 = 8203 + 8203

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 4/18/1988 ( the United States Navy Operation Praying Mantis - my biological brother US Navy Fleet Admiral Thomas Reagan and I US Navy FC2 Kerry Wayne Burgess are both at the same time onboard the United States Navy warship USS Wainwright CG 28 when it evaded a Harpoon anti-ship missile from hostile Iran-Bill Gates-Microsoft-George Bush-Axis of Evil-Soviet Union-Communist forces but 2 United States Marine Corps aviators launched from USS Wainwright CG 28 killed this day ) is 8203 days



From 10/24/1951 ( premiere US film "The Family Secret" ) To 5/12/1991 ( I was the winning race driver at the Formula One Monaco Grand Prix ) is 14445 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 5/21/2005 is 14445 days



From 10/24/1951 ( premiere US film "Detective Story" ) To 5/12/1991 ( I was the winning race driver at the Formula One Monaco Grand Prix ) is 14445 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 5/21/2005 is 14445 days



From 8/3/1955 ( premiere US film "To Catch a Thief" ) To 2/19/1995 ( premiere US TV series episode "The Simpsons"::"Bart vs. Australia" ) is 14445 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 5/21/2005 is 14445 days



From 2/5/1953 ( premiere US film "Peter Pan" ) To 5/21/2005 is 19098 days

19098 = 9549 + 9549

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 12/25/1991 ( as United States Marine Corps chief warrant officer Kerry Wayne Burgess I was prisoner of war in Croatia ) is 9549 days



From 10/28/1967 ( Julia Roberts ) To 5/21/2005 is 13720 days

13720 = 6860 + 6860

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 8/14/1984 ( the debut of the IBM Personal Computer/AT ) is 6860 days



From 7/1/1946 ( the United States Operation Crossroads - Bikini Atoll - the first atomic bomb test detonation of Operation Crossroads series and the air burst detonation code name Able ) To 1/17/1986 ( premiere US film "Iron Eagle" ) is 14445 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 5/21/2005 is 14445 days



From 1/17/1991 ( the date of record of my United States Navy Medal of Honor as Kerry Wayne Burgess chief warrant officer United States Marine Corps circa 1991 also known as Matthew Kline for official duty and also known as Wayne Newman for official duty ) To 5/21/2005 is 5238 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 3/6/1980 ( Jimmy Carter - Oil and Natural Gas Use in Electric Utility Industry Letter to the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate Transmitting Proposed Legislation ) is 5238 days



From 1/17/1991 ( RACKETEER INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS US Title 18 - the Persian Gulf War begins as scheduled severe criminal activity against the United States of America ) To 5/21/2005 is 5238 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 3/6/1980 ( Jimmy Carter - Oil and Natural Gas Use in Electric Utility Industry Letter to the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate Transmitting Proposed Legislation ) is 5238 days



From 12/21/1954 ( premiere US film "Long John Silver" ) To 5/21/2005 is 18414 days

18414 = 9207 + 9207

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 1/17/1991 ( the date of record of my United States Navy Medal of Honor as Kerry Wayne Burgess chief warrant officer United States Marine Corps circa 1991 also known as Matthew Kline for official duty and also known as Wayne Newman for official duty ) is 9207 days



From 12/21/1954 ( premiere US film "Long John Silver" ) To 5/21/2005 is 18414 days

18414 = 9207 + 9207

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 1/17/1991 ( RACKETEER INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS US Title 18 - the Persian Gulf War begins as scheduled severe criminal activity against the United States of America ) is 9207 days



From 2/17/1909 ( Geronimo deceased ) To 9/5/1948 ( Richard Chace Tolman deceased ) is 14445 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 5/21/2005 is 14445 days



From 12/2/1945 ( Charles Watson ) To 5/21/2005 is 21720 days

21720 = 10860 + 10860

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 7/28/1995 ( premiere US film "Waterworld" ) is 10860 days



From 1/18/1991 ( premiere US film "Flight of the Intruder" ) To 5/21/2005 is 5237 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 3/5/1980 ( premiere US TV series "Beyond Westworld" ) is 5237 days



From 2/15/1947 ( premiere US film "Angel and the Badman" ) To 5/21/2005 is 21280 days

21280 = 10640 + 10640

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 12/20/1994 ( in Bosnia as Kerry Wayne Burgess the United States Marine Corps captain this day is my United States Navy Cross medal date of record ) is 10640 days



From 2/15/1947 ( premiere US film "Apache Rose" ) To 5/21/2005 is 21280 days

21280 = 10640 + 10640

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 12/20/1994 ( in Bosnia as Kerry Wayne Burgess the United States Marine Corps captain this day is my United States Navy Cross medal date of record ) is 10640 days



From 10/22/1982 ( premiere US film "Rambo: First Blood" ) To 5/21/2005 is 8247 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 6/1/1988 ( Ronald Reagan - The President's News Conference Following the Soviet-United States Summit Meeting in Moscow ) is 8247 days



From 4/5/1943 ( premiere US film "My Son, the Hero" ) To 10/22/1982 ( premiere US film "Rambo: First Blood" ) is 14445 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 5/21/2005 is 14445 days



From 6/29/1995 ( the Mir space station docking of the United States space shuttle Atlantis orbiter vehicle mission STS-71 includes my biological brother United States Navy Fleet Admiral Thomas Reagan the spacecraft and mission commander and me Kerry Wayne Burgess the United States Marine Corps officer and United States STS-71 pilot astronaut ) To 5/21/2005 is 3614 days

3614 = 1807 + 1807

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/14/1970 ( Richard Nixon - Letter to the President of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization on Airplane Hijacking ) is 1807 days



From 3/18/1962 ( John Kennedy - Message to Chairman Khrushchev Proposing Joint Action in the Exploration of Outer Space ) To 5/21/2005 is 15770 days

15770 = 7885 + 7885

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 6/5/1987 ( "Earned NEC 1189" ) is 7885 days



From 5/21/1959 ( Louis Ridenour dead & Dudley Allen Buck dead ) To 12/7/1998 ( my first day working at Microsoft Corporation as the known official Chief Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and the active duty United States Marine Corps lieutenant colonel circa 1998 ) is 14445 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 5/21/2005 is 14445 days



From 3/16/1991 ( my first successful major test of my ultraspace matter transportation device as Kerry Wayne Burgess the successful Ph.D. graduate Columbia South Carolina ) To 5/21/2005 is 5180 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 1/8/1980 ( John William Mauchly deceased ) is 5180 days



From 8/28/1951 ( premiere US film "Flying Leathernecks" ) To 3/16/1991 ( my first successful major test of my ultraspace matter transportation device as Kerry Wayne Burgess the successful Ph.D. graduate Columbia South Carolina ) is 14445 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 5/21/2005 is 14445 days



From 5/2/1957 ( premiere US film "The Living Idol" ) To 11/18/1996 ( premiere US film "Star Trek: First Contact" ) is 14445 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 5/21/2005 is 14445 days


http://m.whio.com/news/news/local-businesses-financially-support-honor-flight/nH2tG/

WHIO

News

Local Businesses Financially Support Honor Flight

Updated: 11:09 a.m. EDT, Wed September 10, 2008

SPRINGFIELD, Ohio —

Three Dayton businesses have combined to contribute $25,000 to Wednesday’s Honor Flight to Washington, D.C.

The financial support of the businesses helped accelerate a local fund raising dollar-for-dollar matching effort that makes it possible for more than 130 World War II veterans to visit their memorial in the nations capital for a day.

Grismer Auto and Tire Service Centers, WinWholesales Win Group of Companies, and KeyBank are the local companies that have boosted the campaign with major corporations.

Honor Flight, a national organization that originated in Springfield, is the most honorable of charities for all our war veterans. Wednesday’s flight is historic because its the first charter flight made possible by the contributions of local companies and citizens, said John Marshall, Grismer vice president.

Now, members of the greatest generation, men and women who fought to save the world, to go to Washington and see their memorial and be honored in the nations capital.

Marshall wanted to remind the community that his company’s $10,000 donation, WinWholesales $10,000 and the $5,000 contributed by Keybank are all matching funds. That is the point of encouraging the community to contribute, Marshall added.

He added, “our companies are matching dollar-for-dollar every citizen contribution. We hope the local media will continue to work with us to inform the community to act now and contribute”

Community residents are encouraged to go to any KeyBank to make a donation at any teller window.

The mission of the National Honor Flight Network is to fly or transport by recreational vehicles Americas veterans to Washington, D.C. to visit those memorials dedicated to honor their sacrifices. Top priority is given to Americas most senior veterans - survivors of World War II or any vet with a terminal illness who wishes to visit his/her memorial.

Throughout each trip, veterans are guided and hosted by volunteer guardians. As of August 2008, during flying season from April through November, over 10,000 vets have been taken by plane to Washington. A new program, RV travel for veterans to Washington, is now underway as a partner to the flight program thanks to recreational vehicle donations by RV businesses and caring citizens -gasoline cost defrayment is provided by Marathon Oil.

All money provided for each veterans trip is gained through fund raising. These are special trips for military men who never made it to Washington, D.C. to see their memorials in the years following their military discharge.

There is an urgency to transport as many World War II vets as soon as possible because approximately 1,200 World War II veterans die each day. The Greatest Generation is rapidly passing on, yet thousands of WWII vets continue to sign up with their local chapters in hopes of making this trip. There are currently 6,000 veterans on the national waiting list with thousands more applying every month.

The Honor Flight program began just a little over three years ago, on May 21, 2005, at a municipal airport in Springfield Ohio. The day of the first honor flight, a small aircraft took to the air with 12 veterans while one chase plane followed for support. The national Honor Flight Network is headquartered in Springfield.





http://www.wtvq.com/story/d/story/honor-flight-recruits-veterans-for-next-trip/13954/s1VkGUkHWkqAoE3LKh4hHg

WTVQ-DT Lexington, KY

abc 36


Honor Flight Recruits Veterans For First Trip Out Of Lexington

02/26/2014 09:06 AM 02/26/2014 12:44 PM

Honor Flight Bluegrass Chapter is organizing their first trip out of Lexington and is looking for veterans to take part in the special trip to Washington, D.C.

Honor Flight is a program that takes aging war veterans from around the country to Washington, D.C. for a day of sight-seeing, most notably to the memorials dedicated to their military efforts. Their trip is free.

According to Honor Flight Bluegrass Chapter, the first Honor Flight flew May 21, 2005 with six small planes flying 12 World War II veterans, departing out of Springfield, Ohio.





http://www.thegriffon108.com/articles/article-detail/articleid/4237/honor-flight-bluegrass.aspx

THE GRIFFON


The first Honor Flight flew May 21, 2005 with six small planes flying 12 WWII Veterans, departing out of Springfield, Ohio.





http://www.honorflightbluegrass.org/index.php?p=1_2_About-Us

HONOR FLIGHT

BLUEGRASS CHAPTER


ABOUT US

Honor Flight Network and the Bluegrass Chapter:

The first Honor Flight flew May 21, 2005 with six small planes flying 12 WW II Veterans, departing out of Springfield, Ohio.


MISSION STATEMENT

The Honor Flight Bluegrass Chapter is a Louisville Kentucky










http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047189/releaseinfo

IMDb


Long John Silver (1954)

Release Info

USA 21 December 1954










http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091278/releaseinfo

IMDb


Iron Eagle (1986)

Release Info

USA 17 January 1986



http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091278/fullcredits

IMDb


Iron Eagle (1986)

Full Cast & Crew


Jason Gedrick ... Doug Masters










http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091278/quotes

IMDb


Iron Eagle (1986)

Quotes


Doug Masters: Looks like they'll be importing oil this year










http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=33111

The American Presidency Project

Jimmy Carter

XXXIX President of the United States: 1977 - 1981

Oil and Natural Gas Use in Electric Utility Industry Letter to the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate Transmitting Proposed Legislation.

March 6, 1980

Dear Mr. Speaker: (Dear Mr. President.)

I am transmitting herewith proposed specifications for legislation to reduce the use of oil and gas in the electric utility sector by one million barrels per day by 1990. This proposal would meet that target by establishing a two-phase program designed to displace 750,000 barrels of oil per day and the natural gas equivalent of 250,000 barrels of oil per day by 1990, through provision of federal financial assistance and streamlining certain regulatory requirements. Funding for this program will come from revenues raised by the Windfall Profits Tax.

The electric utility industry, which now consumes about three million barrels per day of oil and natural gas equivalent, is a prime target for an accelerated national effort at reducing our dependence on imported fuel. No other sector of the economy can achieve as great a near-term savings of oil and gas, particularly through conversion of existing facilities to coal, and expanded energy conservation measures.

Congress has recognized the desirability of efforts to shift oil and gas-fired utilities to coal and other alternate fuels. Beginning in 1974 and most recently in 1978, Congress enacted regulatory programs designed to facilitate this shift; however, the results have not been satisfactory. Regulatory and financial impediments prevented achievement of the necessary acceleration of oil and gas replacement-action which would otherwise be justified to reduce cost to utilities and ratepayers. Unless a Federal program is developed to overcome these financial and institutional barriers, oil and gas consumption will not be substantially reduced and could actually increase in the near-term in the electric utility sector.

The program I am proposing today consists of two parts. Phase I is designed to accomplish a greater number of powerplant conversions in an earlier time frame than could be accomplished under current law. Conversions of powerplants covered by Phase 1 of this proposal would save as much as 400,000 barrels of oil per day by 1985.

Specifically, a number of powerplants currently using oil that are capable of converting to coal or other alternate fuels would be prohibited by statute from continued use of oil. $3.6 billion would be available for grants to be awarded by the Secretary of Energy to pay for a portion of the capital costs associated with converting designated facilities to coal or an alternate fuel. Consumers would benefit both from lower capital requirements for utilities and from reduced fuel costs after conversions.

While exemptions from conversions would be available as they are under the current law, the process for their consideration would be substantially accelerated. The bulk of the powerplants affected by Phase I are located in New England and the Middle Atlantic States.

One major issue has not been resolved-the problem of increased air pollution loadings and increases in acid rain that will result from these coal conversions. We have recently come to understand that sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions from power plants travel great distances and are a principal cause of acid rain. Since environmental damage caused by acid rain is already serious, I am becoming increasingly concerned with the problem, particularly since many of the powerplants covered by Phase I are located in areas affected by acid rain.

In my message to Congress on the Environment in August 1979, I cited acid rain as one of the emerging environmental issues requiring national attention. The conversions covered by my proposal can be made consistent with Federal ambient air standards and all existing State Implementation Plans under the Clean Air Act. However, we cannot ignore the problems of acid rain.

I call upon the Congress to address with me in this session this important new concern and hope the appropriate committees in Congress will commence hearings on this as soon as possible.

In order to help offset emission increases from conversions and to increase the availability of coal resources, up to $400 million in Phase I grant funds would be reserved for use in programs to reduce emissions from existing powerplants where appropriate. This program would include loan guarantees for coal cleaning and preparation facilities and grants for advanced sulfur dioxide removal systems such as scrubbers and chemical cleaning of coal.

Phase II is designed to achieve oil and gas displacement of approximately 600,000 barrels per day by 1990. Six billion dollars in grant funds would be available to assist utilities in identifying and implementing projects designed to reduce consumption of oil and gas. A principal purpose of Phase II is to encourage reliance on energy conservation as a means to reduce oil and gas usage. Utilities would submit fuel displacement plans, including displacement targets (based on a specified base period usage). Plans would include assessments of: (1) financial feasibility; (2) environmental impacts; and (3) cost effectiveness of practicable alternatives to oil and gas use. Oil and gas displacement could be achieved through a strategy which emphasizes a program of energy conservation, conversion to alternate fuels (including coal, nuclear, synthetic fuels), and renewable resources. Each utility would have access to a portion of the Federal grant funds. Funds would be awarded if the plans are determined to be cost-effective by state authorities, following public hearings, and the Secretary of Energy determines that the plan is likely to achieve the displacement target established by the utility. Funds under this phase are expected to be used primarily by utilities in the Southeast, Southwest, and California.

This program will provide significant economic and national security benefits through accelerated oil and gas displacement effort. The Federal assistance I am proposing is a sound investment in the Nation's energy future. The earlier action is taken, the sooner the benefits to the Nation as a whole, and to consumers can be realized. For these reasons, I urge Congress to give prompt consideration to this legislative proposal.

Sincerely,

JIMMY CARTER










http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28571

The American Presidency Project

Lyndon B. Johnson

XXXVI President of the United States: 1963 - 1969

509 - Statement by the President on the Completion of the Agency for International Development Program in Iran.

November 29, 1967

TODAY American and Iranian hands join in mutual congratulations. We mark a great success.

It may seem strange that we celebrate when an enterprise goes out of business. It may seem odd that we are pleased that the American AID mission that has long channeled much of America's economic assistance to Iran will close its doors tomorrow.

But we are celebrating an achievement-not an ending. This is a milestone in Iran's continuing progress and in our increasingly close relations.

What we mark today is Iran's success. What we celebrate is Iran's economic and social progress. What we honor are the effective work of the men and women of Iran and the enlightened and progressive leadership of His Majesty the Shah.

In 1962, I visited Iran and saw its farms, cities, and schools when Iran was on the doorstep of its reform program.

Just 3 months ago, I had the pleasure of hearing from the Shah himself of Iran's progress in land reform and its drive against illiteracy; its far-reaching development program and emphasis on private investment; and its many other vital reforms. That story is impressive.

What is even more impressive is Iran's impatience with ways no longer useful--and yet its respect for traditions of the past and its willingness to face hard decisions and to do those difficult things necessary for a better future.

We are glad that we have been able, in an important way, to assist in Iran's rapid strides forward. Our commitment to Iran's progress has been enthusiastically given and of long standing.
Since the dark years following World War II we have moved from emergency economic support to exciting development efforts which have now paid visible dividends. Careful joint planning has had much to do with the success we mark today.

We cannot depart one era without looking toward another that lies ahead. The similarity of needs and mutuality of purpose that Iran and the United States have long shared do not stop simply because Iran's well-being enables it to shoulder greater burdens.

Now is the time when even stronger ties become possible.

We will turn our hands now to new fields of cooperation. Exchanges in science and technology, expanded business relationships, continued cooperation in development and a common determination to work for peace and security--these are but a few of the ways in which Americans and Iranians will phrase their new plans for cooperation.

With one milestone behind us, we begin planting for a new harvest of friendship, trust, and shared hopes.










http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106469/releaseinfo

IMDb


Blood In, Blood Out (1993)

Release Info

USA 5 February 1993 (limited)

Also Known As (AKA)

(original title) Bound by Honor










http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106469/quotes

IMDb


Blood In, Blood Out (1993)

Quotes


Prison Librarian: Cocaine is America's cup of coffee.










http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7467719

Find A Grave


John Brendan "Jack" Kelly, Sr

Birth: Oct. 4, 1889

Philadelphia

Philadelphia County

Pennsylvania, USA

Death: Jun. 20, 1960

Philadelphia

Philadelphia County

Pennsylvania, USA

Businessman, Olympic Athlete. He accumulated wealth as a successful Philadelphia, Pennsylvania building contractor. He was also an athlete, winning an Olympic Gold Medal as part of the 1920 United States Sculling team. He was the father of the movie actress and later Princess of Monaco Grace Kelly.










http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043521/releaseinfo

IMDb


The Family Secret (1951)

Release Info

USA 24 October 1951










http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043465/releaseinfo

IMDb


Detective Story (1951)

Release Info

USA 24 October 1951 (Los Angeles, California) (premiere)










http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/598673/Richard-C-Tolman

Encyclopædia Britannica


Richard C. Tolman

American physicist

Richard C. Tolman, (born March 4, 1881, West Newton, Mass., U.S.—died Sept. 5, 1948, Pasadena, Calif.), U.S. physical chemist and physicist who demonstrated the electron to be the charge-carrying particle in the flow of electricity in metals and determined its mass.

Tolman became professor and dean of graduate studies at the California Institute of Technology (1922–48), Pasadena. He published treatises on statistical mechanics (1927, 1938) and relativity theory (1927, 1934). During World War II he was vice chairman of the National Defense Research Committee and chief science adviser to Brig. Gen. Leslie R. Groves, head of military affairs concerning the development of the atomic bomb. After the war he was adviser to Bernard M. Baruch, then U.S. representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.










http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9111

The American Presidency Project

John F. Kennedy

XXXV President of the United States: 1961 - 1963

96 - Message to Chairman Khrushchev Proposing Joint Action in the Exploration of Outer Space

March 18, 1962

[Released March 18, 1962. Dated March 7, 1962]

Dear Mr. Chairman:

On February twenty-second last I wrote you that I was instructing appropriate officers of this Government to prepare concrete proposals for immediate projects of common action in the exploration of space.1 I now present such proposals to you.

1See Item 60.

The exploration of space is a broad and varied activity and the possibilities for cooperation are many. In suggesting the possible first steps which are set out below, I do not intend to limit our mutual consideration of desirable cooperative activities. On the contrary, I will welcome your concrete suggestions along these or other lines.

1. Perhaps we could render no greater service to mankind through our space programs than by the joint establishment of an early operational weather satellite system. Such a system would be designed to provide global weather data for prompt use by any nation. To initiate this service, I propose that the United States and the Soviet Union each launch a satellite to photograph cloud cover and provide other agreed meteorological services for all nations. The two satellites would be placed in near-polar orbits in planes approximately perpendicular to each other, thus 'providing regular coverage of all areas. This immensely valuable data would then be disseminated through normal international meteorological channels and would make a significant contribution to the research and service programs now under study by the World Meteorological Organization in response to Resolution 1721 (XVI) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 20, 1961.

2. It would be of great interest to those responsible for the conduct of our respective space programs if they could obtain operational tracking services from each other's territories. Accordingly, I propose that each of our countries establish and operate a radio tracking station to provide tracking services to the other, utilizing equipment which we would each provide to the other. Thus, the United States would provide the technical equipment for a tracking station to be established in the Soviet Union and to be operated by Soviet technicians. The United States would in turn establish and operate a radio tracking station utilizing Soviet equipment. Each country would train the other's technicians in the operation of its equipment, would utilize the station located on its territory to provide tracking services to the other, and would afford such access as may be necessary. to accommodate modifications and maintenance of equipment from time to time.

3. In the field of the earth sciences, the precise character of the earth's magnetic field is central to many scientific problems. I propose therefore that we cooperate in mapping the earth's magnetic field in space by utilizing two satellites, one in a near-earth orbit and the second in a more distant orbit. The United States would launch one of these satellites while the Soviet Union would launch the other. The data would be exchanged throughout the world scientific community, and opportunities for correlation of supporting data obtained on the ground would be arranged.

4. In the field of experimental communications by satellite, the United States has already undertaken arrangements to test and demonstrate the feasibility of intercontinental transmissions. A number of countries are constructing equipment suitable for participation in such testing. I would welcome the Soviet Union's joining in this cooperative effort which will be a step toward meeting the objective, contained in United Nations General Assembly Resolution (XVI), that communications by means of satellites should be available to the nations of the world as soon as practicable on a global and non-discriminatory basis. I note also that Secretary Rusk has broached the subject of cooperation in this field with Minister Gromyko and that Mr. Gromyko has expressed some interest. Our technical representatives might now discuss specific possibilities in this field.

5. Given our common interest in manned space flights and in insuring man's ability to survive in space and return safely, I propose that we pool our efforts and exchange our knowledge in the field of space medicine, where future research can be pursued in cooperation with scientists from various countries.

Beyond these specific projects we are prepared now to discuss broader cooperation in the still more challenging projects which must be undertaken in the exploration of outer space. The tasks are so challenging, the costs so great, and the risks to the brave men who engage in space exploration so grave, that we must in all good conscience try every possibility of sharing these tasks and costs and of minimizing these risks. Leaders of the United States space program have developed detailed plans for an orderly sequence of manned and unmanned flights for exploration of space and the planets. Out of discussion of these plans, and of your own, for undertaking the tasks of this decade would undoubtedly emerge possibilities for substantive scientific and technical cooperation in manned and unmanned space investigations. Some possibilities are not yet precisely identifiable, but should become dear as the space programs of our two countries proceed. In the case of others it may be possible to start planning together now. For example, we might cooperate in unmanned exploration of the lunar surface, or we might commence now the mutual definition of steps to be taken in sequence for an exhaustive scientific investigation of the planets Mars or Venus, including consideration of the possible utility of manned flight in such programs. When a proper sequence for experiments has been determined, we might share responsibility for the necessary projects. All data would be made freely available.

I believe it is both appropriate and desirable that we take full cognizance of the scientific and other contributions which other states the world over might be able to make in such programs. As agreements are reached between us on any parts of these or similar programs, I propose that we report them to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. The Committee offers a variety of additional opportunities for joint cooperative efforts within the framework of its mandate as set forth in General Assembly Resolutions 1472 (XIV) and 1721 (XVI).

I am designating technical representatives who will be prepared to meet and discuss with your representatives our ideas and yours in a spirit of practical cooperation. In order to accomplish this at an early date, I suggest that the representatives of our two countries who will be coming to New York to take part in the United Nations Outer Space Committee meet privately to discuss the proposals set forth in this letter.

Sincerely,

JOHN F. KENNEDY

[His Excellency, Nikita S. Khrushchev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Moscow.]










http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2718

The American Presidency Project

Richard Nixon

XXXVII President of the United States: 1969 - 1974

344 - Letter to the President of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization on Airplane Hijacking.

October 14, 1970

Dear Mr. Binaghi:

It was deeply gratifying for me to learn that the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization had called upon states to take strong, concerted measures to deter hijacking for international blackmail purposes. The Council's concern with this threat to the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation, its recognition of state responsibility for taking all appropriate action against this menace, and its acknowledgement of the need for joint action to enforce state responsibility constitute a significant advance in the effort to secure the safety of the international air traveller.

In accordance with the Council's Resolution, I have instructed my representatives to put before the Organization's Legal Committee a draft convention which would implement these principles. It is my hope that the participating states will take rapid and affirmative action on this proposal.

Sincerely,

RICHARD NIXON










http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/12/9/10.1063/1.3060961

AIP Scitation


physicstoday


Louis Nicot Ridenour, Jr. 1911–1959

On the morning of May 21, 1959, Louis Ridenour was found dead of a cerebral hemorrhage in his hotel room in Washington, D.C. As so often in the past, he had come to Washington as a Scientific Adviser for the Air Force. He had made notes for a talk he was to give that day at a conference in the Pentagon.





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Allen_Buck


Dudley Allen Buck

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dr. Dudley Allen Buck (1927–1959) was an electrical engineer and inventor of components for high-speed computing devices in the 1950s. He is best known for invention of the cryotron, a superconductive computer component that is operated in liquid helium at a temperature near absolute zero. Other inventions were ferroelectric memory, content addressable memory, non-destructive sensing of magnetic fields, and, development of writing printed circuits with a beam of electrons.


Buck died suddenly May 21, 1959, just weeks after his 32nd birthday. His close associate Louis Ridenour died the same day.





http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/dudley-bucks-forgotten-cryotron-computer

IEEE SPECTRUM


Dudley Buck's Forgotten Cryotron Computer

In the 1950s, this MIT graduate student convinced engineers to build computers using superconducting magnetic switches instead of tubes or transistors

By David C. Brock

Posted 19 Mar 2014 16:58 GMT

Immediately following the Second World War, electrical engineers grappled with a fundamental but open question: How should electronic digital computers be built? What kind of switch would serve best for logic circuits? And what should be used for main memory?

They quickly settled on the speedy vacuum tube, among several options, for the basic logic switch, with each machine requiring thousands of them. (The transistor wasn’t yet a serious candidate, having just emerged from Bell Telephone Laboratories.) The options for main memory in the earliest systems were also diverse: specialized cathode-ray tubes, mercury-filled pipes, and spinning drums covered with magnetic paint. But in the early 1950s, the technical community began to converge on another memory technology—magnetic cores. These small rings of ferromagnetic material each held a single bit of data when magnetized in one direction or the other.

Through the mid-1950s, “big iron” mainframes containing vacuum-tube logic and magnetic-core memory dominated the budding world of electronic digital computers. In time, tubes gave way to transistors, and discrete transistors to silicon integrated circuits, for both logic and main memory. But this progression was not inevitable. In the 1950s and early 1960s groups of engineers actively explored radically different paths for the digital computer.

One of the most original of these explorers was Dudley Allen Buck, who worked at MIT from 1950 until his sudden death in 1959 at age 32. Buck made important early contributions to the development of microcircuitry—the pursuit of highly miniaturized circuits fabricated as integral wholes rather than from discrete components wired together. What’s more, Buck invented the “cryotron,” a superconducting switch he hoped would become the fundamental building block for future digital computers. Inspired by Buck’s vision, GE, IBM, RCA, and the U.S. military all mounted major cryotron-research programs in the late 1950s and early 1960s before shifting their focus to silicon microchips for computer logic and memory.

Buck’s vision outlived him. It survives even today: The cryotron is at the root of efforts at IBM and elsewhere to make superconducting quantum bits—qubits—in pursuit of quantum computing.

Despite the decades of work that it sparked, Buck and his cryotron have faded from memory. Most electrical engineers today know nothing about this technology. So let me offer here a sketch of Buck’s work and his now-forgotten cryotron computer.

After graduating from the University of Washington in 1948 with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, Dudley Buck joined the Navy’s cryptologic organization in Washington, D.C., where he worked with early digital computers. In 1950, he moved to MIT and began graduate studies in electrical engineering under physicist Arthur von Hippel. Buck also became a research assistant on MIT’s pioneering Whirlwind computer, a behemoth intended for military use.

Jay Last, who was a fellow graduate student with Buck at MIT and who later led the team that created the first planar silicon integrated circuit at Fairchild Semiconductor, recalls him as being both a “great visionary” and a “good person…close to obnoxiously good.” A clue as to why Last got this impression can be found in a letter that Buck wrote in 1954, when he was just 27: “I have a foster son, aged 17 who has been with me for 4 years, have been a Scoutmaster for 6 years, and I am a lay speaker in the Methodist Church, where I occasionally fill the Sunday morning pulpit. I enjoy working with the human values as well as the engineering values.”

Despite the many commitments of a rich personal life, Buck poured enormous energy into his research at MIT. Early on, as part of the Whirlwind effort, he investigated various materials for making magnetic cores. He also searched for materials with dramatic physical properties that could be useful as the basis for improved switches from which to make advanced digital computers.

In 1952, Buck’s attention alighted on the chemical element bismuth, which exhibits strong magnetoresistance: Its electrical resistivity rises dramatically in response to an applied magnetic field, especially at low temperatures. At the boiling point of liquid helium (4.2 kelvins), the electrical resistance of bismuth varies by a factor of tens of millions with the application of a strong magnetic field. Buck thought this behavior could be useful for building computers. A relatively small current in a control wire, and the magnetic field it produces, could bring about an enormous change in the resistivity of a piece of bismuth, abruptly halting or allowing current to travel through it. He would have an electronic switch.

By 1954, Buck began to focus on an even more extreme quirk of electromagnetism found at the low temperatures of liquid helium: superconductivity. The phenomenon, while peculiar, was well established. Since the early 20th century, physicists had known that when cooled to temperatures around the boiling point of liquid helium, various metals lose their electrical resistance entirely.

Superconductivity also has a magnetic aspect, known as the Meissner effect. A piece of superconducting material excludes magnetic fields—but only up to a point. If a sufficiently large magnetic field is applied, the material is driven, nearly instantaneously, into the resistive state. If the magnetic field is removed, the material returns to the superconducting state.

Buck saw in this phenomenon the possibility for a new, singular building block for electronic digital computers: a magnetically controlled, superconductive switch. He thought it might beat both tubes and cores. A superconductive switch could be very small and fast and consume very little power.

Buck dubbed his invention the cryotron, using a futuristic, quintessentially 1950s evocation of cryo (Greek for “icy cold”) in a play on the word electronics. But he didn’t just conceive and name it. He immediately built and tested dozens of prototypes.

Buck’s first cryotrons were fantastically simple. They involved nothing more than a short length of tantalum wire around which he wound some copper wire in a tight helix. He then attached electrical leads to both ends of the tantalum and copper wires, so that the cryotron could be dipped into a container of liquid helium while still connected to external circuitry.

By sending a current through the copper helix, thereby creating a magnetic field, Buck could drive the tantalum wire from superconductivity to resistivity. What’s more, his prototypes showed gain. That is, a small current in the copper winding could control a much larger current in the tantalum wire. Like triode vacuum tubes and transistors, Buck’s cryotron could act as a digital computer’s logic switch.

Buck was seized by the promise of his new superconducting device. He imagined making large arrays of cryotrons using the printed-circuitry techniques that he had contemplated in his master’s thesis. From these, or even from his wire-wound cryotrons, Buck believed an all-cryotron digital computer could be built, with cryotrons serving for logic and memory alike. But he was concerned about the switching speed of his prototypes, which were disappointingly slow—barely better than electromechanical relays.

In a quest for better performance, Buck tried many different materials. A combination of lead wound with niobium, for instance, offered a switching time of 5 microseconds—not bad, but still much slower than the speediest transistors of the era, which switched 100 times as fast. But Buck believed that by reducing their physical dimensions, he could build cryotrons that matched even the best transistors.

In the meanwhile, wiring together several of his hand-wound cryotrons, Buck successfully fabricated a logic gate, a flip-flop, and a fan-out amplifier. He thus created all the basic circuits required for digital computer memory and logic using cryotrons alone. The all-cryotron superconducting computer was not an idle dream.

At this point, Buck’s research program, and his ambitions for it, expanded dramatically. He believed that by using microminiaturization techniques he’d be able to fashion a computer containing tens of thousands of cryotrons. Buck’s computer would have roughly the computing power of Whirlwind, which at the time was among the world’s most advanced digital computers, but it required many rooms packed full of electronic equipment and consumed 150 kilowatts of electricity.

The 28-year-old engineer was in essence proposing to squeeze Whirlwind down to the size of a radio set, submerge it in a tub of liquid helium, and run it using no more power than what a Christmas-tree bulb consumes. His vision was audacious, but his arguments, enthusiasm, and results convinced his colleagues that the cryotron had merit.

Cryotron research now became Buck’s official job at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory. While he continued to work on smaller, faster, lower-power cryotrons, he simultaneously began a project to create a large computer memory, for which the slow switching speeds of existing cryotrons would not matter.

Buck proposed using 75 000 cryotrons to form what is known today as a content-addressable memory. Buck himself would come to refer to it as a “recognition unit.” That’s because each of the many memory locations was simultaneously checked to see whether it contained a desired piece of information.

Such a memory had particular advantages for cryptanalysis, in which the identification of patterns is often paramount. I suspect that Buck’s motivation for building it stemmed from his earlier work on code-breaking machines for the Navy and from his ongoing consulting work while at MIT for the newly minted National Security Agency (NSA). In any event, his all-cryotron recognition unit would be only about as large as a briefcase, and yet at 3.2 kilobytes, it would roughly match the main magnetic-core memory of Whirlwind.

As Buck prepared a patent application on the cryotron in mid-1955, news of his effort to build a content-addressable memory percolated through U.S. cryptological and computing circles, generating considerable interest. In July of that year, John McPherson, an IBM vice president who was a leader in the firm’s efforts in electronic computing, wrote to Buck, explaining that William Friedman, the chief cryptologist of the NSA, was “very interested” in Buck’s superconducting computer components.

Buck filed his patent application just days after receiving McPherson’s letter. The patent, for a “Magnetically Controlled Gating Element,” contained broad claims for the cryotron and its use in computers.

At this point, Buck’s cryotron research expanded beyond MIT, albeit just down Memorial Drive. He signed a consulting agreement on cryotron technology with the contract-research firm Arthur D. Little. Named after its MIT chemist founder, A.D. Little was adjacent to the MIT campus and in the 1950s had become a leading producer of cryostats for the production of liquid helium. With NSA sponsorship, Buck and researchers at A.D. Little began development of Buck’s cryotron recognition unit, starting with a smaller proof-of-concept memory array.

Through the rest of 1955, Buck’s personal cryotron research at MIT focused on creating miniature cryotrons, and even integrated cryotron arrays, using evaporated thin films. Instead of winding small wires about one another, he wanted to evaporate metal through a mask, like a stencil, onto a substrate to create a patterned thin film of superconducting material. Atop this film, he would evaporate the control wiring through another mask. He would thus be able to print cryotrons, arrays of them.

In preparation, Buck tested a variety of films made of alloys of lead, bismuth, strontium, indium, and other elements. During these experiments, he produced a 100-nanometer-thick film of a lead-bismuth-strontium alloy that could switch between superconducting and resistive states in 0.1 microsecond—a tenth the speed of the fastest transistor at the time. Buck also designed a wide range of binary circuits that could be constructed solely from cryotrons, including flip-flops, gates, multivibrators, adders, and accumulators.

With his patent filed and significant research completed, Buck was ready to announce the cryotron to the world. He submitted a paper titled “The Cryotron—A Superconductive Computer Component” to the Institute of Radio Engineers, one of IEEE’s predecessor organizations, in November 1955. In the paper, Buck detailed the wire-wound cryotron and a range of basic digital circuits that could be made with it, stressing the implications for this superconductive device in computing. “The cryotron in its present state of development…can be used as an active element in logical circuits,” Buck wrote. He did not restrain himself from sharing his conviction that, in the near term, “a large-scale digital computer can be made to occupy one cubic foot.… The power required by such a machine extrapolates to about one-half watt.”

Buck’s discussion of switching speeds in this paper was, in contrast, coy: “The device is at present somewhat faster than electromechanical relays, but far slower than vacuum tubes and transistors. A program is under way to increase the speed.” Although he had already tested thin-film cryotrons that could come close to the fastest transistors, Buck kept news of this development and the ongoing work on the cryotron recognition unit to himself.

By the time Buck’s article appeared in the Proceedings of the IRE (April 1956), he was regularly creating and testing thin-film cryotrons. The work at A.D. Little on the proof-of-concept cryotron memory unit was under way, and NSA engineer Albert Slade had begun his own investigations of cryotron circuitry with advice from Buck.

Around this time, Buck submitted to von Hippel his ideas for a doctoral thesis. The outline came as no surprise: Buck would investigate evaporated thin films of superconducting materials and study ways of controlling their thickness and geometry to create fast-switching cryotrons. Von Hippel signed off on the proposal, which promised to yield exciting results promptly.

Until his death in 1959, Buck was at the center of expanding and intensifying efforts to develop integrated cryotron microcircuits. Albert Slade, for example, moved from the NSA to A.D. Little to work on the cryotron recognition unit. Another NSA researcher, Horace Tharp Mann, began studying evaporated thin-film cryotrons in consultation with Buck. In 1957, IBM and RCA each initiated their own NSA-funded programs to develop high-speed thin-film cryotron circuitry. General Electric added to the momentum with a self-funded program of cryotron research. Buck, still the MIT graduate student, now had some stiff competition.

In characteristic fashion, Buck responded by setting even higher goals for his research. He did that in a collaboration with Kenneth R. Shoulders, who, like Buck, was a member of von Hippel’s MIT laboratory. Shoulders was actively pursuing a different innovation: using electron beams to “micro-machine,” or etch, extremely small microcircuits. This approach, later dubbed electron-beam lithography, has become indispensable in making silicon microchips. In the mid-1950s, Shoulders was aiming to construct electronic devices with features as small as 100 nm—smaller than a virus and orders of magnitude smaller than anything anyone had ever attempted to make. Shoulders’s ambitions aligned precisely with Buck’s desire to increase the speed of cryotrons through miniaturization and to create large-scale integrated arrays of them.

In their work together, Shoulders explored various ways of manipulating electron beams while Buck evaluated a wide variety of superconducting alloys and the resist materials for electron-beam etching. The pair worked together until the middle of 1958, when Buck earned a doctorate and a position as an assistant professor in MIT’s department of electrical engineering and Shoulders left MIT for the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park, Calif.

As a capstone to their collaboration, Buck and Shoulders presented a paper titled “An Approach to Microminiature Printed Systems” to the Eastern Joint Computer Conference in December 1958. This paper expressed their now-shared conviction in the future of massively integrated microcircuitry. “The day is rapidly drawing near when digital computers will no longer be made by assembling thousands of individually manufactured parts into plug-in assemblies,” they wrote. “Instead, an entire computer or a very large part of a computer probably will be made in a single process.”

Five months after presenting this paper, Buck died suddenly. The last entry in his lab notebook, dated 18 May 1959, describes his effort to deposit a film of the element boron. Stricken in the following days by respiratory distress, Buck perished on 21 May. Not one month had passed since his 32nd birthday.

Although his death was attributed at the time to viral pneumonia, I believe that his deposition experiments may have been to blame. Buck’s work of 18 May involved two substances that require the utmost care. His source of boron was boron trichloride gas, and the process for depositing the boron film generates hydrogen chloride gas. Exposure to either gas, to say nothing of their combination, can cause fatal pulmonary edema to develop, with symptoms similar to pneumonia. And while he had taken courses in the subject at MIT, Buck was not a chemist. He may not have appreciated the danger or have had sufficient bench experience to safely contend with these gases. In any event, for his colleagues, Buck’s death was a tragedy.

Cryotron research did not end with Buck. Strong efforts to build cryotron computers continued into the 1960s. Mann, who had worked on thin-film cryotrons at the NSA, moved to TRW’s Space Technology Laboratories in Los Angeles in the late 1950s. There, he pursued electron-beam lithography to make thin-film cryotrons until 1966. And researchers at A.D. Little continued to develop cryotron memory arrays in an effort to build Buck’s recognition unit.

Meanwhile, GE, IBM, and RCA developed thin-film cryotron microcircuitry, particularly for memory, through the early 1960s. By 1961, GE researchers had produced a working integrated shift register made with thin-film cryotrons, matching the complexity of silicon integrated circuits at the time. Within two years, GE’s cryotron microcircuitry had surpassed silicon microchips in its level of integration. Researchers there even fabricated an experimental working computer from three arrays of integrated cryotrons.

Despite all these efforts, the rapid development of silicon microchips—in particular their ability to lower the cost of electronics—during the 1960s eclipsed the advances in cryotrons, leading to digital computers dominated by silicon logic and magnetic-core memory. By the mid-1960s, most cryotron researchers abandoned the superconducting switch, shifting their attention to silicon.

Some persisted, however. Their attention focused on special cryotrons that exhibited a quantum-mechanical phenomenon called the Josephson effect. In the early 1970s, IBM researchers created modified cryotrons known as Josephson junctions. These were at the center of a huge effort at IBM to build superconducting computers, which lasted into the 1980s. And Josephson junctions continue to be a mainstay of quantum-computing research at IBM and elsewhere.

So Buck’s cryotron never really disappeared. It has survived, in different forms and under different names, in the long shadow of the silicon microchip. We can only wonder what more Buck might have explored had he lived longer.

This article originally appeared in print as “Dudley Buck and the Computer That Never Was.”










http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043547/releaseinfo

IMDb


Flying Leathernecks (1951)

Release Info

USA 28 August 1951



http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043547/fullcredits

IMDb


Flying Leathernecks (1951)

Full Cast & Crew


John Wayne ... Maj. Daniel Xavier Kirby










http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050649/releaseinfo

IMDb


The Living Idol (1957)

Release Info

USA 2 May 1957 (New York City, New York)



http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050649/plotsummary

IMDb


The Living Idol (1957)

Plot Summary


Several mysterious deaths are attributed to an ancient stone idol.










http://www.chakoteya.net/movies/movie8.html

Star Trek: First Contact (1996)


COCHRANE: I don't know who writes your history books or where you get your information from, but you people got some pretty funny ideas about me.










From 10/30/1905 ( the October Manifesto Russia ) To 12/25/1971 ( George Walker Bush the purveyor of illegal drugs strictly for his personal profit including the trafficking of massive amounts of cocaine into the United States confined to federal prison in Mexico for illegally smuggling narcotics in Mexico ) is 24162 days

24162 = 12081 + 12081

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 11/30/1998 is 12081 days



From 12/25/1971 ( George Walker Bush the purveyor of illegal drugs strictly for his personal profit including the trafficking of massive amounts of cocaine into the United States confined to federal prison in Mexico for illegally smuggling narcotics in Mexico ) To 11/30/1998 is 9837 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/8/1992 ( George Bush - Remarks to the Law Enforcement Community in New Orleans ) is 9837 days



From 3/27/1956 ( premiere US film "Patterns" ) To 11/30/1998 is 15588 days

15588 = 7794 + 7794

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 3/6/1987 ( premiere US film "Angel Heart" ) is 7794 days



From 2/14/1986 ( premiere US film "The Delta Force" ) To 11/30/1998 is 4672 days

4672 = 2336 + 2336

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 3/26/1972 ( premiere US TV miniseries "The Last of the Mohicans" ) is 2336 days



From 1/17/1991 ( the date of record of my United States Navy Medal of Honor as Kerry Wayne Burgess chief warrant officer United States Marine Corps circa 1991 also known as Matthew Kline for official duty and also known as Wayne Newman for official duty ) To 11/30/1998 is 2874 days

2874 = 1437 + 1437

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/9/1969 ( Richard Nixon - Remarks on Presenting the Medal of Honor to Four Members of the United States Army ) is 1437 days



From 1/17/1991 ( RACKETEER INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS US Title 18 - the Persian Gulf War begins as scheduled severe criminal activity against the United States of America ) To 11/30/1998 is 2874 days

2874 = 1437 + 1437

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/9/1969 ( Richard Nixon - Remarks on Presenting the Medal of Honor to Four Members of the United States Army ) is 1437 days



From 2/17/1909 ( Geronimo deceased ) To 3/17/1942 ( Franklin Roosevelt - Statement on General MacArthur's Departure from the Philippines ) is 12081 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 11/30/1998 is 12081 days



From 12/20/1994 ( in Bosnia as Kerry Wayne Burgess the United States Marine Corps captain this day is my United States Navy Cross medal date of record ) To 11/30/1998 is 1441 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/13/1969 ( Nancy Kerrigan ) is 1441 days



From 12/25/1991 ( as United States Marine Corps chief warrant officer Kerry Wayne Burgess I was prisoner of war in Croatia ) To 11/30/1998 is 2532 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 10/8/1972 ( premiere US film "Bad Company" ) is 2532 days



From 9/23/1995 ( premiere US TV series "JAG" ) To 11/30/1998 is 1164 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 1/9/1969 ( Lyndon Johnson - Remarks Upon Presenting the NASA Distinguished Service Medal to the Apollo 8 Astronauts ) is 1164 days



From 11/30/1998 To 9/11/2001 ( the scheduled terrorist attack by force of violence to destroy the New York City World Trade Center and the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense "The Pentagon" by Bill Gates-Microsoft-Corbis-George Bush the cowardly violent criminal with massive fatalities and destruction ) is 1016 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 8/14/1968 ( Catherine Bell ) is 1016 days



From 11/30/1998 To 9/11/2001 ( the scheduled terrorist attack by force of violence to destroy the New York City World Trade Center and the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense "The Pentagon" by Bill Gates-Microsoft-Corbis-George Bush the cowardly violent criminal with massive fatalities and destruction ) is 1016 days

From 11/2/1965 ( my birth date in Antlers Oklahoma USA and my birthdate as the known official Deputy United States Marshal Kerry Wayne Burgess and active duty United States Marine Corps officer ) To 8/14/1968 ( the Disneyland passenger helicopter crash - Los Angeles Airways Flight 417 ) is 1016 days


http://www.amazon.com/The-Greatest-Generation-Tom-Brokaw/dp/0375502025/ref=cm_cr_pr_pb_t

amazon


The Greatest Generation Hardcover – November 30, 1998

by Tom Brokaw (Author)


Product Details

Hardcover: 432 pages

Publisher: Random House; 1 edition (November 30, 1998)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0375502025

ISBN-13: 978-0375502026










https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/brokaw-generation.html

The New York Times


CHAPTER ONE

The Greatest Generation

By TOM BROKAW

Random House

THE TIME OF THEIR LIVES

"This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny."

--Franklin Delano Roosevelt

The year of my birth, 1940, was the fulcrum of America in the twentieth century, when the nation was balanced precariously between the darkness of the Great Depression on one side and the storms of war in Europe and the Pacific on the other. It was a critical time in the shaping of this nation and the world, equal to the revolution of 1776 and the perils of the Civil War. Once again the American people understood the magnitude of the challenge, the importance of an unparalleled national commitment, and, most of all, the certainty that only one resolution was acceptable. The nation turned to its young to carry the heaviest burden, to fight in enemy territory and to keep the home front secure and productive. These young men and women were eager for the assignment. They understood what was required of them, and they willingly volunteered for their duty.










http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0449872/bio

IMDb


Nancy Kerrigan

Biography

Date of Birth 13 October 1969, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA

Birth Name Nancy Ann Kerrigan










http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2256

The American Presidency Project

Richard Nixon

XXXVII President of the United States: 1969 - 1974

383 - Remarks on Presenting the Medal of Honor to Four Members of the United States Army.

October 9, 1969

Ladies and gentlemen:

We are gathered here today at the White House for the purpose of presenting 'the Nation's highest decoration to four of the finest young men it has been my privilege to know. The Secretary of the Army, Mr. Resor, will read the citations and the presentations will now be made.

[Secretary of the Army Stanley R. Resor read the four citations, the texts of which follow.]

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March 3, 1863, has awarded in the name of The Congress the Medal of Honor to

MAJOR PATRICK H. BRADY, MEDICAL SERVICE

CORPS, UNITED STATES ARMY

for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty:

Major Patrick H. Brady, Medical Service Corps, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity while serving with the 54th Medical Detachment, 67th Medical Group, 44th Medical Brigade in the Republic o Vietnam. On 6 January 1968 Major Brady, commanding a UH-IH ambulance helicopter in the vicinity of Chu Lai, volunteered to rescue wounded men from a site in enemy held territory which was reported to be heavily defended and to be blanketed by fog. To reach the site he descended through heavy fog and smoke and hovered slowly along a valley trail, turning his ship sideward to blow away the fog with the backwash from his rotor blades. Despite the unchallenged, close-range enemy fire, he found the dangerously small site, where he successfully landed and evacuated two badly wounded South Vietnamese soldiers. He was then called to another are by dense fog where American casualties only 50 meters from the enemy. Two had previously been shot down and others made unsuccessful attempts to reach this earlier in the day. With unmatched skill and extraordinary courage, Major Brady made four flights to this embattled landing zone and successfully rescued all the wounded. On his third mission of the day Major Brady once again landed at a site surrounded by the enemy. The friendly ground force, pinned down by enemy fire, had been unable to reach and secure the landing zone. Although his aircraft had been badly damaged and his controls partially shot away during his initial entry into this area, he returned minutes later and rescued the remaining injured. Shortly thereafter, obtaining a replacement aircraft, Major Brady was requested to land in an enemy minefield where a platoon of American soldiers was trapped. A mine detonated near his helicopter, wounding two crew members and damaging his ship. In spite of this, he managed to fly six severely injured patients to medical aid. Throughout that day Major Brady utilized three helicopters to evacuate a total of fifty-one seriously wounded men, many of whom would have perished without prompt medical treatment. Major Brady's conspicuous gallantry was in the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon himself and the United States Army.

RICHARD NIXON

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March 3, 1863, has awarded in the name of The Congress the Medal of Honor to

CAPTAIN JACK H. JACOBS

UNITED STATES ARMY

for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty:

Captain Jack H. Jacobs (then First Lieutenant), Infantry, distinguished himself on 9 March 1968 while serving as Assistant Battalion Advisor, 2d Battalion, 16th Infantry, 9th Infantry Division., Army of the Republic of Vietnam, during an operation in Kien Phong Province, Republic of Vietnam. The 2d Battalion was advancing to contact when it came under intense heavy machine gun and mortar fire from a Viet Cong battalion positioned in well-fortified bunkers. As the 2d Battalion deployed into attack formation its advance was halted by devastating fire. Captain Jacobs, with the command element of the lead company, called for and directed air strikes on the enemy positions to facilitate a renewed attack. Due to the intensity of the enemy fire and heavy casualties to the command group, including the company commander, the attack stopped and the friendly troops became disorganized. Although wounded by mortar fragments, Captain Jacobs assumed command of the allied company, ordered a withdrawal from the exposed position and established a defensive perimeter. Despite profuse bleeding from head wounds which impaired his vision, Captain Jacobs, with complete disregard for his own safety, returned under intense fire to evacuate a seriously wounded advisor to the safety of a wooded area where he administered lifesaving first aid. He then returned through heavy automatic weapons fire to evacuate the wounded company commander. Captain Jacobs made repeated trips across the fire-swept open rice paddies evacuating wounded and their weapons. On three separate occasions, Captain Jacobs contacted and drove off Viet Cong squads who were searching for allied wounded and weapons, single-handedly killing three and wounding several others. His gallant actions and extraordinary heroism saved the lives of one United States advisor and thirteen allied soldiers. Through his effort the allied company was restored to an effective fighting unit and prevented defeat of the friendly forces by a strong and determined enemy. Captain Jacobs, by his conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action in the highest traditions of the military service, has reflected great credit upon himself, his unit and the United States Army.

RICHARD NIXON

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March 3, 1863, has awarded in the name of The Congress the Medal of Honor to

CAPTAIN JAMES M. SPRAYBERRY

UNITED STATES ARMY

for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty:

Captain (then First Lieutenant) James M. Sprayberry, Armor, United States Army, distinguished himself by exceptional bravery on 25 April 1968 in the Republic of Vietnam while serving as Executive Officer of Company D, 5th Battalion, 7th Cavalry, I st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). On this date his Company Commander and a great number of the men were wounded and separated from the main body of the company. A daylight attempt to rescue them was driven back by the well-entrenched enemy's heavy fire. Captain Sprayberry then organized and led a volunteer night patrol to eliminate the intervening enemy bunkers and to relieve the surrounded element. The patrol soon began receiving enemy machine gun fire. Captain Sprayberry quickly moved the men to protective cover and without regard for his own safety, crawled within close range of the bunker from which the fire was coming. He silenced the machine gun with a hand grenade. Identifying several one-man enemy positions nearby, Captain Sprayberry immediately attacked them with the rest of his grenades. He crawled back for more grenades and when two grenades were thrown at his men from a position to the front, Captain Sprayberry, without hesitation, again exposed himself and charged the enemy-held bunker killing its occupants with a grenade. Placing two men to cover his advance, he crawled forward and neutralized three more bunkers with grenades. Immediately thereafter, Captain Sprayberry was surprised by an enemy soldier who charged from a concealed position. He killed the soldier with his pistol and with continuing disregard for the danger, neutralized another enemy emplacement. Captain Sprayberry then established radio contact with the isolated men, directing them toward his position. When the two elements made contact he organized his men into litter parties to evacuate the wounded. As the evacuation was nearing completion, he observed an enemy machine gun position which he silenced with a grenade. Captain Sprayberry returned to the rescue party, established security, and moved to friendly lines with the wounded. This rescue operation, which lasted approximately seven and one-half hours, saved the lives of many of his fellow soldiers. Captain Sprayberry personally killed twelve enemy soldiers, eliminated two machine guns, and destroyed numerous enemy bunkers. Captain Sprayberry's indomitable spirit and gallant action at great personal risk to his life are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.

RICHARD NIXON

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March 3, 1863, has awarded in the name of The Congress the Medal of Honor to

SERGEANT ROBERT M. PATTERSON

UNITED STATES ARMY

for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty:

Sergeant Robert M. Patterson, (then Speclalist Four), distinguished himself on 6 May 1968 while serving as a fire team leader of the 3d Platoon, B Troop, 2d Squadron, 17th Cavalry during an assault against a North Vietnamese Army Battalion which was entrenched in a heavily fortified position near La Chu, Republic of Vietnam. When the leading squad of the 3d Platoon was pinned down by heavy interlocking automatic weapon and rocket propelled grenade fire from two enemy bunkers, Sergeant Patterson and the two other members of his assault team moved forward under a hail of enemy fire to destroy the bunkers with grenade and machine gun fire. Observing that his comrades were being fired on from a third enemy bunker covered by enemy gunners in one-man spider holes, Sergeant Patterson, with complete disregard for his own safety and ignoring the warning of his comrades that he was moving into a bunker complex, assaulted and destroyed the position. Although exposed to intensive small arm and grenade fire from the bunkers and their mutually supporting emplacements, Sergeant Patterson continued his assault upon the bunkers which were impeding the advance of his unit. Sergeant Patterson single-handedly destroyed by rifle and grenade fire five enemy bunkers, killed eight enemy soldiers and captured seven weapons. His dauntless courage and heroism inspired his platoon to resume the attack and to penetrate the enemy defensive position. Sergeant Patterson by his conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his own life has reflected great credit upon himself, his unit and the United States Army.

RICHARD NIXON

[The President then resumed speaking.]

I am very proud to stand in the company of these men. I am proud to stand in their company because of what you have just heard in the citations that have been read.

I think all of us are proud to be Americans when we realize that America produces such fine young men. History will record that these men are heroes. They are heroes--heroes for what they have done, for the sacrifice that they were willing to make to save others, and for the sacrifice they were willing to endure for their country.

We wonder sometimes how we happen to have men like this, and I am reminded of the fact that often discussions take place as to whether heroes are made or whether they are born. The Carnegie Foundation made a study of this problem going over 30 years. They reached, it seems to me, a very interesting and profound conclusion.

Heroism, the Foundation reported, is not made. Like gold, it is uncovered. Danger does not make heroes; it finds them. Somewhere these men had in their character, character that they acquired from their families, from their homes, from their schools, from their churches, from the heart of America--they had this element of greatness and the danger brought it forth. So we know they are heroes.

It is for us a tragedy that this heroism which was there all the time had to be uncovered because of a war. But also, we are reminded of the fact that on such an occasion we dedicate ourselves anew to bringing the peace which we all want, so that men like this, who have this element of greatness within them, may become heroes, meeting the challenges of peace because heroism is the Nation's greatest asset, greater than gold. Like gold, heroism must be uncovered.

I am confident that the challenges of peace will uncover great heroism in America's younger people, just as the dangers of war have uncovered the heroism in these four splendid Americans we honor today.

Note: The President spoke at 10:24 a.m. on the South Lawn at the White House.










http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049601/releaseinfo

IMDb


Patterns (1956)

Release Info


USA 27 March 1956 (New York City, New York)



http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049601/plotsummary

IMDb


Patterns (1956)

Plot Summary


The story of the fierce and corrosive competition that exists in the executive branch of Ramsey & Co., a New York industrial colossus headed by Walter Ramsey, its cold, designing and ruthless chief. It is the saga, too, of Bill Briggs, his longtime second in command, who is swayed by human as well as technological values. And, it is the case of Fred Staples, a comparatively youthful industrial engineer brought in by Ramsey to succeed Briggs. The younger man's views and sensitivities are essentially the same as Briggs'. People are not merely units, they feel. But it is Ramsey's calculated pattern not to fire his aging aide but to create such untenable positions that he will be forced to resign.










http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092563/releaseinfo

IMDb


Angel Heart (1987)

Release Info

USA 6 March 1987



http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092563/fullcredits

IMDb


Angel Heart (1987)

Full Cast & Crew

Mickey Rourke ... Harry Angel










http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=21596

The American Presidency Project

George Bush

XLI President of the United States: 1989 - 1993

Remarks to the Law Enforcement Community in New Orleans

October 8, 1992

Well, thank you, Ron, Pete, and I am very pleased to receive this endorsement. I am very pleased. Louisiana has got a great law enforcement community, and this is a wonderful occasion for me. The Police Association of New Orleans and the other representatives of law enforcement community here with us today, I just thank you all from the bottom of a very grateful heart.

Let me just say a word to the family and friends of Officer Norvin Powell, who dedicated a lifetime of service to the small town of Winfield, Louisiana. Two weeks ago, officer Powell responded to a routine break-in. Then after a struggle with the burglar, Powell lay dead, and the burglar escaped. He didn't get far. After an 18-hour manhunt, he was arrested. Tragically, Officer Powell's handcuffs were still attached to one wrist. Powell took a stand. He made a difference in his community. On behalf of a grateful nation, while I'm here, I simply want to pay tribute here to this outstanding officer and others like him all across this country.

You know, keeping neighborhoods safe and secure has got to be one of the fundamental responsibilities of government. It takes a tough, no-nonsense approach, one that puts our sympathy with the victims of crime, not the criminals. Ron set out the principles that I feel are absolutely essential for a President as related to law enforcement. After all, hard time is what criminals should get, not the innocent kids and older Americans who have to live in the fear of violence.

In this election, two candidates are talking tough on crime, but just one candidate is taking action. Now, you can look at the record. Last year under Governor Clinton, Arkansas criminals on average served just one-fifth of their sentence before they were back out on the street. They did the crime, and they served one-fifth of the time.

So I think you'll see the contrast when I tell you that the Federal inmates, inmates who fall under my jurisdiction, serve an average of 85 percent of their full sentence. Crime is one more issue where the Governor of Arkansas can't talk his way past his record. If you want to know who's really tough on crime, look to the people out there on the front lines.

Take the Fraternal Order of Police over in Little Rock. They lived with Governor Clinton for 12 years. They know that Arkansas ranks rock bottom for every important per capita crime dollar it spends: prisons, 46th; judicial and legal systems, 50th. And when it comes to spending for police officers, Arkansas ranks 49th. They know Bill Clinton's record best, and they are endorsing George Bush for President of the United States.

So let me say to the law enforcement officers and the associations that are represented here today: For 4 years I've kept a badge, an officer's badge 14072, in my desk in the Oval Office. A retired New York police lieutenant, Matt Byrne, gave me that badge some time ago. It's his son's badge, Eddie Byrne, who wore the badge the day he was gunned down by a gang of crackheads. As Matt asked, I have really kept that badge right there in that center drawer of the Oval Office desk, kept it there as a reminder of all of the brave officers who put your lives on the line for us every single day.

As President, you have my thanks. But much more than that, you have my support. You're on the side of the law, and I am on your side. With your support, I know that we can turn back the threat of drugs and crime. I know that we can make our communities much safer and much stronger.

I thank you very much, each and every one of you, for this vote of confidence. And may God bless the men and women who wear the badge. Thank you all.

Note: The President spoke at 3:25 p.m. at Belle Chasse Naval Air Station.










http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homosexual

Dictionary.com

homosexual

a person who is sexually attracted to members of the same sex



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush


George H. W. Bush

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–1993). A Republican, he had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–1989), a congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence. He is the oldest living former President and Vice President. He is also the last living former President who is a veteran of World War II. Bush is often referred to as "George H. W. Bush", "Bush 41", "Bush the Elder", Bush I, or "George Bush, Sr." to distinguish him from his son, former President George W. Bush. Prior to his son's fame or notability, he was widely known simply as George Bush.



http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pedophile

Dictionary.com


pedophile


World English Dictionary


a person who is sexually attracted to children










http://www.cbsnews.com/news/joseph-clancy-frustrated-by-secret-services-latest-mishap/

CBSNEWS


CBS/AP March 17, 2015, 11:27 AM

Joseph Clancy "frustrated" by Secret Service's latest mishap

Last Updated Mar 17, 2015 11:59 AM EDT

WASHINGTON -- Secret Service Director Joseph Clancy said Tuesday he is frustrated about the latest allegations of wrongdoing by two senior agents.

Testifying before a House Appropriations subcommittee hearing on his agency's budget, Clancy said he wasn't told about an alleged drunken driving incident near the White House earlier this month for several days. He said there is "no excuse" for the fact that the information was not passed up the chain of command more quickly.


"I should have been informed," he told the House panel. "I'm frustrated. Very frustrated that we did not know about this, I didn't know about this until Monday." And that delay, he said, suggests there is still a lot of work to be done to change the agency's culture



- posted by H.V.O.M - Kerry Wayne Burgess 6:56 PM Pacific Time Spokane Valley Washington USA Thursday 19 March 2015